Sneak up dance song for native American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sneak up dance song for native American - Essay Example The third version is the enactment of a warrior in battle, who searches for a wounded friend, finds him and brings him to safety. The sneak-up dance or scout dance is performed only by men. The accompanying songs support the theme of the dance and help to teach young boys how to surprise prey or an enemy. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the traditional Sneak-Up dance and songs that are unique to the Native Americans. The Sneak-Up Dance and Song The Europeans colonizing the North American continent forcefully dispersed native American groups from their original homelands to reservations or cities. This dispersal endangered many traditional rituals, dances and ceremonies of native Indians. Drumming and singing ensembles of native Americans include leader-chorus songs, unison chorus songs, and multipart songs. A singer must have a strong, wide-ranging voice and the ability to sing with others. Native American songs as well as a variety of musical instrument s including different types of rattles serve to complete the dances. However, the most important instrument is the drum for the majority of native Americans. â€Å"Every native culture has its own varied and distinctive ways of making music† (Birchfield 416). While native language carries the melody in some songs, other songs use vowel sounds such as ya, hey, hi, and lay.

Alcohol and Advertising Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Advertising Essay â€Å"Alcohol is not often thought of as a drug largely because its use is common for both religious and social purposes in most parts of the world. It is a drug, however, and compulsive drinking in excess has become one of modern society’s most serious problems† (ARF). This is so true because many people don’t consider alcohol a drug but the effects it has on you are so serious that it should be. â€Å"The effects of drinking do not depend on the type of alcoholic beverage but rather on the amount of alcohol consumed on a specific occasion† (ARF). To give you a background on alcohol, here is a quick refresher on how it works and the effects it has on your body. â€Å"Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, and less rapidly from the stomach and colon. The drinker’s blood alcohol concentration depends on the amount consumed in a given time, the drinker’s size, sex, body build, and metabolism, and the type and amount of food in the stomach† (ARF). The effects of alcohol are very frightening to even consider. They depend on â€Å"the amount taken at one time, the user’s past drug experience, the manner in which the drug is taken and the circumstances under which the drug is taken† (ARF). At 50mg you experience mild intoxication which includes a â€Å"feeling of warmth, skin flushed; impaired judgment and decreased inhibitions† (ARF). From there you can go all the way down to 500mg which will more than likely cause death. It is an extremely scary thought to know that a substance that can cause death is freely advertised on television so that even our children can see it. In fact, they are the targets of some manufacturers marketing. In this paper we will show you both sides of whether alcohol companies should be allowed to advertise on television or not and then give you our conclusion. No Alcohol Advertising Should Not Be Allowed On Television Alcohol companies should not be allowed to advertise on television. In today’s society, more and more children are spending all of their free time in front of a television. They don’t go outside and play anymore, they just come home from school and flip on Jerry Springer or a soap opera. Adults need to take the responsibility to protect children from undue influences as much as they can. Banning alcohol advertisements would be a simple way to help this process. In a recent study done by the Center for Media Education (CME), they found that many alcohol companies actually target youth even though it is illegal for them to drink. Companies use such things as â€Å"cartoons, personalities, language, music, or branded merchandise popular in youth culture or which would be particularly attractive to college or high-school-aged students† (CME). This shows a blatant attempt on their part to recruit new consumers who are underage. There have been previous attempts to stop alcohol companies from targeting youth such as the Voluntary Alcohol Advertising Standards for Children Act, but that is just the thing, it is voluntary. This is a try at making themselves look responsible but they still really aren’t. This Act pressures broadcasters to simply not run alcohol advertisements. It shouldn’t be the responsibility of the broadcasters to filter what goes on the air. Alcohol companies should not waste their money making these ads to begin with. Instead, they need to target a more mature audience who have the right to consume their products. The beer and liquor companies claim they don’t target youth but how can that be when you see the â€Å"Budweiser frogs or the Coors’ â€Å"Tap the Rockies† campaigns or Seagram’s dogs and Hiram Walker’s Kahlua Mudslide† (Hacker). Many of these companies have, in the past, even advertised on the youth-oriented MTV. Anheuser-Busch just recently pulled their ads off MTV. â€Å"Why did it take 10 years since â€Å"age-21† became the law of the land for the world’s largest brewer to stop competing for attention on MTV with ads for pimple control products and sports equipment† (Hacker)? â€Å"Indeed the evidence is that even young children are aware of alcohol advertisements and tend to remember them. Manufacturers further reduce the chances of young people failing to get the message by sponsorship of sports teams and events and music concerts having particular appeal to the young† (IAS). â€Å"Today, kids are bombarded by more than $700 million in beer, wine, and liquor ads on radio and television. Those ads encourage them to drink, and they bolster unacceptable levels of alcohol consumption among young people and the problems that go with it† (Hacker). When considering the Budweiser frogs, â€Å"a recent study by the San Francisco-based Center on Alcohol Advertising tested commercial and character recall among 9-11 year olds. The results: the children demonstrated higher recall (73%) of the Budweiser frogs’ slogan than of the slogans associated with other television animal characters, including Tony the Tiger (57%), Smokey the Bear (43%), and the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (39%). Only Bugs Bunny did slightly better, at 80% recall of â€Å"Eh, what’s up doc? † Overall, 81% of the children surveyed identified beer as the product promoted by the frogs† (Hacker). This is a scary revelation, that our children know more about beer ads than the cartoon characters who promote good products. There are too many people who are hurting themselves and others as a result of alcohol abuse. In the past, there have been studies done that find there is nothing wrong with alcohol companies advertising on TV, but a study done by the Marin Institute found differently. â€Å"’Until now, most of the studies done on the subject conclude that alcohol advertising doesn’t affect drinking behavior,’ says Henry Saffer, research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, ‘The alcohol industry uses these studies to bolster its argument that advertising only induces people to switch brands. These studies keep coming and find nothing because they set themselves up to find nothing’† (Abramson). â€Å"The NIAAA estimates that 14 million Americans meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence and about 100,000 Americans die each year from alcohol-related injuries, one-fourth of them on the highways† (Abramson). Granted that these are not just children but they had to start somewhere too and more than likely they began drinking at a young age. One way to help reduce these injuries and deaths is to create counter-ads. â€Å"Consumption decreases as the level of counter-advertising rises. Counter-advertising could be funded by taxing alcohol advertising† (Abramson). The study done by Saffer at the Marin Institute was a long one, it took three years to complete. â€Å"’Most researchers have little money and use inexpensive or free data on alcohol advertising expenditures that measure advertising at the national level with little annual change’, says Saffer. ‘I was able to obtain quarterly data that cost more than $25,000 from 75 cities, and that made all the difference’† (Abramson). With all of his resources he was able to come to some concrete results using a proven theory. â€Å"Saffer used a theory known as the advertising response function, which says that consumption rises as advertising increases, bus as advertising reaches the point of saturation, consumption tapers off. To measure consumption, he used highway fatalities, more than 40 percent of which involve alcohol consumption† (Abramson). â€Å"Saffer’s statistical analyses of advertising expenditures showed that decreasing alcohol advertising reduces highway fatalities† (Abramson). Another survey done by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation gave remarkable results. â€Å"An overwhelming majority of Americans say they are worried about teen drinking and would support tough measures to help curb the problem† (New and Views). One particular finding was very interesting in that it said sixty-seven percent of Americans would support a ban on television advertising on liquor. If so many people want it, why isn’t on its way to becoming a law? â€Å"There are about 9 million drinkers under age 21 in the United States and half of them are binge drinkers. When they drink, teens increase their risk of violence, date rape, sexually transmitted diseases and injury or death in traffic accidents† (Health You). These kids had to learn it somewhere. Television is becoming a way of life for many teenagers and they take what is on it as the truth. For many of them, discerning between what is the truth and what is just great advertising becomes near impossible. They need help and it is our responsibility as adults to help them. There is legislation now from Representative Kennedy called the â€Å"Children’s Protection from Alcohol Advertising Act†. This â€Å"would eliminate advertising and marketing practices that have the most impact on young people. Remaining ads would, for the first time, honestly reflect that alcohol is the number-three killer in America today, taking a toll of 100,000 lives yearly. Those ads would bear a rotating series of health and safety messages, reminding all viewers and listeners of some of the major risks related to drinking. In addition, alcoholic-beverage product labels, for the first time, would be required to reveal comprehensive, useful consumer information, such as ingredients, calories, and alcohol content, expressed in unit serving terms† (Hacker). The bill would answer the concerns of many parents and adults who feel the alcohol companies go too far in targeting youths. Alcohol companies need to be more responsible for who they target and they should also be prepared to handle the consequences of their actions as more and more people die as a result of their products. They are the ones that should be held accountable for the deaths of so many innocent people. They also should include in their advertisements the real facts. Doing this may deter people from becoming alcohol abusers. The companies do not do this though, â€Å"By definition, alcohol advertising is one-sided, avoiding any reference to the negative aspects of alcohol consumption† (IAS). They need to tell the truth and the truth is that alcohol does no good for anyone, it only hurts and destroys people and the people around them. Yes Alcohol Advertising Should Be Allowed On Television â€Å"Advertising increases alcohol consumption, which increases alcohol abuse†¦right? WRONG. There is no solid evidence from either scientific research or practical experience that this theory of advertising is correct† (Advertising Impact). Alcohol is a legal substance so why wouldn’t it be allowed to be advertised on television? The First Amendment to the Constitution gives us the right to free speech. The American Advertising Federation opposes any effort to restrict truthful advertising about any product or service. â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Court has affirmed that truthful commercial speech enjoys the free speech protections of the First Amendment – including speech about so-called sin products. The government’s right to ban a product does not give it the right to ban speech about the product† (AAF). The AAF does not want restrictions to even begin, â€Å"bans on advertising for one product or service inevitably will lead to bans on advertising for others. Censorship is contagious† (AAF). There are some that believe that the advertising would be okay if they would agree to put warnings on the advertisements. â€Å"The alcohol industry believes that the proposed requirement of warnings in alcohol advertisements is an infringement of their First Amendment rights† (Kelly). The advertising the alcohol industry does do is simply to keep the customers they already have. â€Å"The focus of alcohol advertising is to encourage existing drinkers to maintain their brand preference, or to switch brands, and that it is not intended to attract new customers† (Kelly). â€Å"Much of the debate concerns the possible effects on children and young people. The Advertising Codes prohibit the specific targeting of minors† (IAS). Most children who watch television may like the cartoon characters but that isn’t going to make them go out and demand alcohol. They shouldn’t be allowed or able to obtain it so it shouldn’t really even matter if they see the advertisements for it. â€Å"The evidence also suggests that advertising is of less importance than other influences such as parental attitudes and example and peer group pressure† (IAS). Final Conclusions As you can see from our research, there is solid evidence that advertising alcohol on television needs to stop the way it is being done right now. There are entirely too many targets put onto young viewers. The industry may claim that it is not targeting them but there is really no explanation otherwise. Mother’s Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has come up with an exceptional set of rules for advertising alcohol on television. 1. Beverage alcohol advertising should not: a. portray or encourage drinking by individuals under the age of 21; b. use celebrities, music stars, athletes, animals, cartoon characters or other language or images that have special appeal to youth; c. depict sports, rock concerts, or other events with strong appeal to youth; or d. target spring break activities or cultural, sporting, or marketing events where it can be anticipated that a majority of the audience will be made up of people under age 21. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not include the licensing of youth-oriented clothing or toys that feature alcohol brand names, logos, or trade characters. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by pregnant women or women who are seeking to become pregnant. 3. Beverage alcohol advertising should not model, suggest, or otherwise encourage heavy consumption. 4. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by alcoholics or other groups particularly vulnerable to alcohol abuse. 5. Beverage alcohol advertising should not state or imply that any level of alcohol consumption is risk-free or safe. 6. Beverage alcohol advertising should not associate alcohol consumption with high-risk activities or with situations that require alertness. 7. Beverage alcohol advertising should not depict revelry or hint at the possibility of inebriation. 8. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking as a means to achieve popularity or social acceptance, sexual appeal, or social or financial status. 9. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking in association with sexual passion, promiscuity, or any other amorous activity as a consequence of or in association with alcohol consumption. These rules would be wonderful if the alcohol companies would follow them. But, with the First Amendment backing them up, they are not going to change the way they market without a fight. The cartoons are working for them, so why should they change? There is a growing problem in this country with underage and binge drinking and these advertisements are only adding to the problem. We need to stop the problem at its root, which would mean taking the Budweiser frogs off the air. This is a great step toward reducing alcohol related deaths and injuries and it isn’t like the industry would be losing any money. They may even retain more profit because their advertising expense would be dramatically cut. We need to regulate these advertisements now! Bibliography American Advertising Federation (AAF). â€Å"AAF Position Statement: Alcohol Advertising Bans†. Available: http://www. aaf. org/bans. html Abramson, Hillary. The Marin Institute. â€Å"Alcohol Ads Increase Drinking†. Available: http://www. marininstitute. org/saffer. html Addiction Research Foundation (ARF). â€Å"Facts about Alcohol†. Available: http://www. arf. org/isd/pim/alcohol. html â€Å"Advertising Impact on Alcohol Abuse†. Available: wysiwig://9/http://www2. potsdam. ed†¦-info/Advertising/Advertising. html Center for Media Education (CME). â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Targeted at Youth on the Internet: An Update†. Available: http://tap. epn. org/cme/981218/alcrep. html Hacker, George. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/hacker. html Hacker, George. Press Conference on Alcohol Advertising Reforms. May 16, 1997. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/516state. html Health You. May/June 1998. â€Å"Proms, Parents and Alcohol†. Available: http://www. lvhhn. org/healthy_you/magazine/proms_alcohol/ IAS. Available: http://www. ias. org. uk/factsheets/advertising. htm Kelly, Kathleen and Ruth Edwards. â€Å"Image Advertisements for Alcohol Products: Is There Appeal Associated with Adolescents’ Intention to Consume Alcohol? † Adolescence. Spring 1998. V33 n129 p47(13).

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare 1564 to 1616 Family and Education -born in Stratford-on-Avon -his father was a prominant citizen or "gentleman" -Shakespeare read everything available in print -he read the classics, French and Italian plays, legends, folk plays, mythology, historical chronicles, and the Bible -Gutenberg printing press had been invented 100 years earlier -married Ann Hathaway and had three children - Susanna, and the twins Hamnet and Judith -Shakespeare died in 1616 of Brights' disease -in Shakespeare's will he left his house and lands to his eldest daughter, his wife his "second-best bed", his youngest daughter a silver bowl, and enough money for each of his fellow actors to buy a ring to wear in his memory -Shakespeare's grave reads Good friend, for Jesus sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here Blessed be the man that spares these stones And cursed be he that moves my bones. -seven years after his death his friends John Hemings and Henry Condell published a book containing 36 plays, which was called the "First Folio" -"He was not of an age, but for all time." Ben Johnson His Life in the Theatre -considered to be the greatest dramatist in the world -only the Bible is read more than Shakespeare's plays -from 1593 - 1613 he wrote 37 plays, acted, helped manage an acting troup and was part owner of the "Old Globe Theatre" -1593-1594 the theatres were closed because of the plague and Shakespeare wrote his narrative poetry -little is known about Shakespeare because he did not write about himself, nor did he publish his own plays, he made his money by writing plays that were performed for an audience -his first play was The

Human Resource Management in Business Essay

ââ€" º Hand out date: 1st June ââ€" º Hand in date: 15th June P5 explain how employee performance is measured and managed M3 explain how the results from measuring and managing performance inform employee development D2 assess the importance of measuring and managing employee performance at work. For your final task in your new role as recruitment consultant of ‘Dave’s Management’ you have been asked to investigate and write a report on how different organisations measures and manages the performance of their employees. They would also like you to explain how the results from measuring and measuring performance help with employee development. To conclude the report they would like you to assess the importance of measuring and managing employee performance at work Further Guidance: Measuring performance: ââ€" ºPerformance indicators (achievement against targets); ââ€" ºGoal theory; ââ€" ºSMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-bound) ââ€" ºTargets eg sales targets, growth targets, financial targets, waiting times, pass rates, punctuality, attendance ââ€" ºBenchmarking Managing performance: ââ€" ºprobation; ââ€" ºappraisal; ââ€" ºsupporting employees eg mentoring, monitoring, buddying; ââ€" ºoccupational health; ââ€" ºmanaging workloads; ââ€" ºdelegating authority; ââ€" ºresponsibility; ââ€" ºcapacity; competence; ââ€" ºautonomy; ââ€" ºlinking rewards to performance; ââ€" ºdiscipline; ââ€" ºemployee development (training, learning, job rotation, accelerated promotion, personal, professional) To achieve a PASS: You will need to appreciate that the maximum contribution is required from each employee at work. Jobs often have specific performance criteria associated with them, so sales staff may have to generate  £50,000 of sales per month. This may be because there is a business objective showing a sales target of  £6 million for a sales team of 10 people. Individuals need to be monitored to ensure they are working effectively and meeting targets and standards set for them. Both above par and below par performance must be managed. To achieve a MERIT: You must be able to identify suitable performance indicators to use with individual employees and show how the individual’s performance can be improved through the use of performance management. Experienced teachers may be judged on examination pass rates and might be used for them passing through a pay threshold may be the reward. Chefs may be judged on good reviews, gaining Michelin stars or the gross profit margin of dishes and maybe used as a way of deciding whether they will gain a pay rise. Not all employees are judged in the same ways as, so different performance indicators are used to manage them. Attending a course maybe needed to remedy poor performance. Employees may have good punctuality and attendance monitored as these are basic requisites for working satisfactorily for a majority of occupations. To achieve a DISTINCTION: You must make judgements about the value of monitoring and managing employees. The benefits of performance management should be contrasted with the consequences of failing to manage performance.

This paper presents an implementation

Abstraction: This paper presents an execution of Multistructure PIDFLC. Modification has been made to construction of the proposed PIDFLC in order to do it acts as PDFLC, PIFLC or PIDFLC depending on two external signals. Two versions of this accountant have been designed utilizing VHDL linguistic communication for FPGA execution. A new bundle has been designed in VHDL codification to implement trigonometric maps and fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to prove the proposed design with nonlinear systems. The accountant was able to bring forth an end product in 0.3 millisecond for additive workss and 0.7 millisecond for nonlinear works. Therefore, the proposed accountant will be able to command many systems with high trying rate. Keywords: PIDFLC, FPGA execution, nonlinear systems, Altera. Categorization: XYZ ( Electronic instrumentality and control )T. Jain, V. Patel and M.J. Nigam † Execution of PID Controlled SIMO Process on FPGA Using Bacterial Foraging for Optimal Performance † International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, P: 1793-8198, June 2009.V. Tipsuwanporn, S. Intajag and V. Krongratana † Fuzzy Logic PID accountant based on FPGA for procedure control † Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Bangkok, Thailand, Vol. 2, pp. 1495-1500, 4-7 May 2004.Obaid Z. A. , Sulaiman N. and M. N. Hamidon â€Å" FPGA-based Execution of Digital Logic Design utilizing Altera DE2 Board † International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.8, P: 186-194, July 2009.Obaid Z. A. , Sulaiman N. , M. H. Marhaban and M. N. Hamidon â€Å" FPGA-Based Fuzzy Logic: Design and Applications – a Review † International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, figure 5, P : 491-502, December 2009.Leonid Reznik, â€Å" Fuzzed accountants † , Newnes, first edition, 1997.1. IntroductionThe simplest and most usual manner to implement a fuzzed accountant is to recognize it as a computing machine plan on a general intent computing machine. However, a big figure of fuzzed control applications require a real-time operation to interface high-velocity restraints. Software execution of fuzzed logic on general purpose computing machines can non be considered as a suited design solution for this type of application higher denseness programmable logic devices such as FPGA can be used to incorporate big sums of logic in a individual IC. Semi-custom and full-custom application particular integrated circuit ( ASIC ) devices are besides used for this intent but FPGA provide extra flexibleness: they can be used with tighter time-to-market agendas [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] .2. Layout of the Proposed AccountantBy and large, this accountant accept two types of end products, the first 1 is the works ( Yp ) and the 2nd 1 is the coveted end product ( Yd ) , both of them is digital signals, and present the control action signal as a digital end product. It besides accepts four 8-bit digital signals that represent the addition parametric quantities needed by the accountant ( relative addition Kp, derivative addition Kd, built-in addition Ki, and end product gain Ko ) , and other two one-bit signals to choose the type of the accountant ( PD fuzzy logic accountant, PI fuzzy logic accountant, or PID fuzzy logic accountant ) . Fig. 1 shows the general layout of the accountant bit in a unity feedback control system. Fuzzy accountant applications do non necessitate high truth. Accuracy of 6-9 spots is adequate and is rather sufficient for different applications. Many designed FIS french friess use this scope of spots [ 5 ] , since two versions of the accountant have been designed to do a comparing in which version is closest to Matlab-based design: the first one uses 6 spots for each input and end product variables, and 4 spots for rank grade, while the other uses 8 spots and 6 spots severally.3. Structure of the Proposed PIDFLCBy and large, to stand for PID fuzzed logic accountant, it was required to plan a fuzzed illation system with three inputs that represent the proportional, derivative, and built-in constituents, and each one of them can hold up to eight fuzzy sets. So that the maximal figure of the needed fuzzy regulations to 83=512 regulations. To avoid this immense figure of regulations, the proposed accountant has been designed utilizing two parallel PD fuzzy logic accountants to implement the PID fuzzy logic accountant. The 2nd PDFLC has been converted to PIFLC by roll uping its end product. Fig. 1 shows the construction of proposed PID fuzzy logic accountant. Both accountants, PD fuzzy logic accountant and PI fuzzy logic accountant, receive the same mistake signal. The mistake signal is calculated by deducting work s end product ( yp ) from the desired end product ( yd ) . The chief block in the PD fuzzy logic accountant is the fuzzed illation block. The proposed fuzzy illation block is two inputs, one end product fuzzy system of Mamdani type that uses singleton rank maps for the end product variable. The first input is the error signal vitamin E ( n ) , and the 2nd input is the rate of alteration of mistake signal defined as the difference between two back-to-back mistake values. Before come ining the fuzzed illation block, each one of these two inputs have been multiplied by a addition coefficient inside the PD fuzzy accountant ( Kp and Kd or Kp and Ki ) . In similar mode, the end product of the fuzzed illation block is multiplied by a addition coefficient inside the PD fuzzy logic accountant, ( Ko ) . At the same clip, the end product of the fuzzed illation block in the 2nd PD fuzzy accountant is multiplied by a addition coefficient so accumulated to organize the uPIFLC. Both end products ( uPD and uPI ) are added together to organize the PIDFLC end product ( uPID ) . Since each PDFLC has its ain additions and regulations, the concluding design could work as a PDFLC, PIFLC or a PIDFLC ) depending on the two choice lines sw1 and sw0 — — , where, sw1sw0= 00, gives PD fuzzy logic accountant, sw1 sw0= 01 gives PI fuzzy logic accountant, and sw1 sw0=0x gives PID fuzzy logic accountant. The chief constituents in the proposed PD fuzzed logic accounta nt are: Input/Output block, Fuzzifier block, illation engine block, and Defuzzifier block.4. Test Bench and Simulation ResultsFor the intent of simulation symmetric triangular fuzzy sets and singleton fuzzy sets with 8 lingual variables have been used for input and end product variable severally, in add-on to govern tabular array of 64 fuzzy regulations. At first, a trial is performed to do certain that the fuzzed illation system used inside the FPGA-based design is working decently This trial is performed to do certain that the fuzzed illation system used inside the FPGA-based accountant ( 6FBC or 8FBC ) is working decently. This trial involves bring forthing control surface utilizing fuzzed sets and regulation tabular array, this trial has been used to do a comparing between both types of FBC with Matlab-based ( MSBC ) , and shows that 8FBC is superior to 6FBC and it ‘s much close to MSBC. Case Study 1: Second order theoretical account may stand for procedure such as place control of an ac motor [ 7 ] Equation ( 1 ) shows the mathematical works theoretical account, distinct transportation maps of this theoretical account has been obtained utilizing ZOH method, and the selected sampling period ( T ) is 0.52. The values of Kp, Kd, Ki, and Ko used in this trial were selected utilizing test and mistake. The accountant gives action at 0.3  µs ; when PIDFLC applied for this system, as shown in Fig. 2, 8FBC response is near to the responses utilizing MSBC, with zero mistake and small overshot. The Average differences between MSBC and 6FBC for Step response and control action are -0.0256 and -0.0009 severally, and The Mean differences between MSBC and 8FBC for Step response and control action are -0.0030 and 0.0021 severally, since the 8FBC is superior to 6FBC and its much stopping point to MSBC. Case Study 2: This instance is considered as a particular instance with the proposed design, because of VHDL accepts four mathematical operation merely, add-on, minus, division and generation, since it ‘s hard to stand for non-linear elements like trigonometric maps. In this instance, a mathematical theoretical account of nonlinear works has been used to prove the proposed accountant with unity feedback control system ; this theoretical account is characterized by Equation ( 2 ) and Equation ( 3 ) . The first order filter on U to bring forth u represents an actuator. Assume the initial conditions y ( 0 ) = 0.1 radians ( = 5.73 deg. ) , y? ( 0 ) = 0, and the initial status for the actuator province is zero. For simulation of the fourth-order, Runge-Kutta method has been used with an integrating measure size of 0.01. Again, this works has been designed utilizing MATLAB package ( for simulation in MATLAB ) , and in non-synthesizable VHDL codification ( for simulation in ModelSim ) . A particular bundle was designed in VHDL codification to implement trigonometric maps and fourth-order Runge-Kutta method which are non available in Quartus II ( or in ISE ) criterion libraries. The values of Kp, Kd, Ki, and Ko used in this trial were selected utilizing test and mistake. The accountant gives action at 0.7  µs after the input latching. When utilizing nonlinear system for trial, both versions ( 6FBC and 8FBC ) supply by and large good responses though there is some oscillation. ( one mu st non be deceived by the steady province mistake that appears in Figure ( 4 ) , since it represents less than 1 % of the end product scope in the instance of 6FBC and less than 0.5 % of the end product scope, in the instance of 8FBC ) . The absolute mean difference between the nonlinear works response, utilizing MSBC, and the nonlinear works response, utilizing 6FBC, is less than 0.0155. The absolute mean difference between the nonlinear works response, utilizing MSBC, and the nonlinear works response, utilizing 8FBC, is less than 0.0085 as shown in Fig. 3.5. Execution of the Proposed PIDFLCThe proposed PIDFLC has been implemented utilizing Altera DE2 board, this board offers a rich set of characteristics that make it suited for usage in a research lab environment for university and college classs and can used for any design executions, every bit good as for the development of sophisticated digital systems by utilizing hardware description linguistic communication ( HDL ) . All con nexions are made through the Cyclone II 2C35 FPGA device in order to supply maximal flexibleness for the user. Therefore, the user can configure the FPGA to implement any system design.6. DecisionSimulation environments have been built utilizing non-synthesizable VHDL codification for the intent of simulation in ModelSim, and the same design is coded in Matlab for the intent of simulation in Matlab ( MSBC ) . Two version of the accountant has been designed, the first one is 6-bits which uses 6-bits for each input/output variables ( 6FBC ) , while the 2nd uses 8-bits each input/output variables ( 8FBC ) . Two instance surveies have been used in order to prove this accountant. From these consequences, 8FBC is superior to 6FBC and it ‘s much close to MSBC. The accountant was able to bring forth an end product in 0.3 millisecond ( after input latching ) for additive workss and 0.7 millisecond for nonlinear works. Therefore, the proposed accountant will be able to command systems w ith high trying rate.RecognitionsThe writers would wish to thank foremost, our God, and all UPM staff and all friends who gave us any aid related to this work. Finally, the most thank is to our households and to our states which born us.

Top 10 Business Writing Tips

Top 10 Business Writing Tips Like life itself, writing can sometimes be messy, frustrating, and  hard. But you can make your working life a little easier by  editing  with these principles in mind. Its simple: Whether youre writing a two-line email or a 10-page report, anticipate the needs of your readers and remember the four Cs: Be clear, concise, considerate, and correct. Use these 10 quick tips to learn  how: 1. Adopt the you attitude. This means looking at a topic from the point of view of your readers, emphasizing what they want or need to know. Example: I have requested that your order be sent out today.Revision: You will receive your order by Wednesday. 2. Focus on the real subject. Dont bury a key word by dropping it into a phrase following a weak subject. Example: The implementation of the new marketing campaign will begin on June 1.Revision: The new marketing campaign will begin on June 1. 3. Write actively, not passively. Wherever its appropriate, put your subject up front and make it do something. The active voice generally works better than the passive because its more direct, more concise, and easier to understand. (But not always.) Example: Your proposal was reviewed at our meeting on April 1, and it was immediately submitted to the developers.Revision: We reviewed your proposal on April 1 and immediately submitted it to the developers. 4. Cut unnecessary words and phrases. Wordy expressions may distract readers, so cut the clutter. Example:  I am writing this note because I want to thank you very much for organizing the open house that was held last Thursday.Revision: Thank you very much for organizing last Thursdays open house. 5. But dont leave out key words. To be clear as well as concise, we sometimes need to add a word or two. Example: The storage shed is the first step.Revision: Unlocking the storage shed is the first step. 6. And dont forget your manners. Heres where being considerate comes in. If you say please and thank you when talking with colleagues, include those words in your emails as well. Example: Send me the jargon report before you head home.Revision: Please send me the jargon report before you head home. 7. Avoid outdated expressions. Unless you enjoy sounding stuffy in print, stay away from words and phrases that are never used in conversation- attached herewith, this is to advise you, as per your request. Example: Attached herewith for your reference is a duplicated version of the aforementioned deed.Revision: I have enclosed a copy of the deed. 8. Put a cap on the vogue words and buzzwords. Trendy expressions tend to wear out their welcome fast. Ditto for corporate jargon. Do your best to write like a  human. Example: At the end of the day the bottom line is that we should facilitate opportunities for employees to provide input on best practices.Revision: Lets encourage people to make suggestions. 9. Unstack your modifiers. Stacking means piling up modifiers before a noun- the verbal equivalent of a traffic jam. Long noun strings may save a word or two, but they may also puzzle your readers. Example: Space telescope wide-field planetary camera instrument definition team ground based charged-couple-device camera (from New Scientist, cited by Matthew Lindsay Stevens in Subtleties of Scientific Style, 2007)Revision: Huh? 10. And, of course, proofread. Finally, theres correctness: always make sure you  check your work,  no matter how good you think youve gotten at the other Cs. Example:: When youre in a hurry, its very easy to leave words.Revision: When youre in a hurry, its very easy to leave out words.

Free Essays on The Old Guitarist

In his â€Å"blue period† Picasso depicted the world of the poor. â€Å"The Old Guitarist,† which is an example his work during that time, is one of the most famous yet cheerless images from the twentieth century art world. The image remains as much an enigma today as it did ninety-nine years ago. Upon viewing Picasso’s â€Å"The Old Guitarist†, one immediately notices the subject, the aged musician, and perhaps the muted blue color scheme, but looking further, the viewer realizes several disturbing details. First of all, Picasso’s intention with this particular work seems to be the conveyance of feelings he has toward the old musician. One has no problem understanding the immediate message Picasso wishes to impart. Immediately the viewer is confronted with a solitary, aged guitarist. The artist chose a guitarist for his subject knowing that this is a solo instrument, and therefore, this musician spends his time playing it without accompaniment. There is nothing to suggest that this guitarist is playing to an audience. This is a scene played out with every musician during the uncounted hours of practice. These hours spent in practice make up the vast majority of the time the musician spends with his instrument alone. Looking at this painting, it appears as though this time spent alone with only his guitar is all that the poor, old man has left in the world. Subsequently, Picasso has chosen to alter the colors of the subject to perhaps hint at the mood of the musician. Blues and grays are colors seen more at night or in moonlight suggesting the end of something, say perhaps the old man’s life. Grayed colors usually make viewers feel nostalgic or sentimental and convey feelings of longings for better times. Picasso has used these colors effectively to give the viewer the idea that the musician is deep in thought. Finally, the gloomy colors may have also been used to point out a handicap of the old man. On closer in... Free Essays on The Old Guitarist Free Essays on The Old Guitarist In his â€Å"blue period† Picasso depicted the world of the poor. â€Å"The Old Guitarist,† which is an example his work during that time, is one of the most famous yet cheerless images from the twentieth century art world. The image remains as much an enigma today as it did ninety-nine years ago. Upon viewing Picasso’s â€Å"The Old Guitarist†, one immediately notices the subject, the aged musician, and perhaps the muted blue color scheme, but looking further, the viewer realizes several disturbing details. First of all, Picasso’s intention with this particular work seems to be the conveyance of feelings he has toward the old musician. One has no problem understanding the immediate message Picasso wishes to impart. Immediately the viewer is confronted with a solitary, aged guitarist. The artist chose a guitarist for his subject knowing that this is a solo instrument, and therefore, this musician spends his time playing it without accompaniment. There is nothing to suggest that this guitarist is playing to an audience. This is a scene played out with every musician during the uncounted hours of practice. These hours spent in practice make up the vast majority of the time the musician spends with his instrument alone. Looking at this painting, it appears as though this time spent alone with only his guitar is all that the poor, old man has left in the world. Subsequently, Picasso has chosen to alter the colors of the subject to perhaps hint at the mood of the musician. Blues and grays are colors seen more at night or in moonlight suggesting the end of something, say perhaps the old man’s life. Grayed colors usually make viewers feel nostalgic or sentimental and convey feelings of longings for better times. Picasso has used these colors effectively to give the viewer the idea that the musician is deep in thought. Finally, the gloomy colors may have also been used to point out a handicap of the old man. On closer in...

A qu familiares puede pedir un residente permanente

A qu familiares puede pedir un residente permanente Los residentes permanentes legales, es decir, aquellas personas que tienen a su nombre una tarjeta de residencia (green card) pueden pedir a dos tipos de familiares: esposos e hijos solteros. Es decir, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los ciudadanos americanos, los residentes permanentes no pueden pedir los papeles para sus hijos casados ni tampoco para sus padres o madres ni para sus hermanos. Ni tampoco a sus prometidos. Si tienen al novio/a en otro paà ­s y à ©ste desea visitar, hay que conocer las reglas. Desde el punto de vista de las leyes de inmigracià ³n, los familiares a los que puede pedir un residente permanente estn clasificados en dos categorà ­as, que es importante recordar, porque los tiempos de espera estn determinados por ellas: F2A: esposos y esposas de residentes e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de edad.F2B: hijos de residentes permanentes que estn solteros y tienen 21 aà ±os o ms. A tener en cuenta en los trmites para solicitar la green card para estos familiares Tiempos de espera Cada mes el Departamento de Estado publica un nuevo Boletà ­n de Visas. Comprobar en las categorà ­as F2A y F2B quà © fecha de corte se publica. Eso quiere decir que todas las peticiones con una fecha de prioridad anterior a ese dà ­a publicado en el boletà ­n de visas comienzan a tramitarse por el Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Se inicia la fase final del proceso y en unos meses habr llegado a su fin. Quà © pasa si la persona est ya en Estados Unidos Si est ilegalmente no puede ajustar su estatus en ningà ºn caso. Por lo tanto asesorarse con un abogado de inmigracià ³n antes de enviar los papeles al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Ya que si se envà ­an lo à ºnico que se hace es pagar por nada. Si est legalmente en Estados Unidos hay dos posibilidades: si puede mantener su estatus legal durante todo el tiempo que dure la tramitacià ³n, por ejemplo, si tiene una visa de trabajo, entonces puede optar a un ajuste de estatus. Si se hace asà ­ asegurarse de presentar bien los papeles y la persona pedida deberà ­a asesorarse legalmente antes de salir del paà ­s hasta acabar toda la tramitacià ³n.si est legalmente pero no puede mantener ese estatus durante toda la tramitacià ³n entonces debe salir de los Estados Unidos dentro del plazo que tiene para abandonar el paà ­s legalmente. Por ejemplo, si un extranjero entra como turista y se casa con residente permanente no puede esperar dentro de Estados Unidos. Debe salirse y si no lo hace pueden aparecer toda clase de problemas, como que se le aplique el castigo de los tres y diez aà ±os. La consecuencia es que por no querer esperar fuera del paà ­s unos meses va a tener que esperar varios aà ±os. Si se est fuera de Estados Unidos hay que esperar allà ­ hasta pasar una entrevista en la Embajada o consulado y recibir una visa de inmigrante. Estas son las posibilidades  de recibir una visa de turista mientras se espera por los papeles para emigrar. Quà © sucede si residente pide a hijo soltero y durante la tramitacià ³n à ©ste se casa La peticià ³n deja de tener efecto. Ya que no se puede conceder una visa de inmigrante a un hijo casado de un residente permanente. Si no se avisa lo que va a pasar es que al llegar la entrevista se va a denegar la visa. Jams mentir a Inmigracià ³n o a un consulado sobre una cosa tan importante como es el estado civil. En estos casos, todas las cuotas pagadas a Inmigracià ³n se pierden ya que no se reintegra el dinero. Quà © pasa si un residente permanente pide a un familiar y durante la tramitacià ³n se naturaliza y se convierte en ciudadano Puede notificarlo ya que los esposos e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadano no tienen que esperar a que haya visa de inmgrante disponible para ellos. Esto quiere decir que probablemente el proceso se haga ms rpido. Quà © pasa si residente permanente pide a cà ³nyuge y à ©ste tiene hijos Los hijos del cà ³nyuge pueden tambià ©n ser pedidos incluyà ©ndolos en la misma peticià ³n si son menores de 21 aà ±os y estn solteros. Si durante el tiempo de espera de la tramitacià ³n alguno de ellos cumple los 21 se tendr que hacer una peticià ³n nueva para esa persona, incluyendo una copia de la peticià ³n original. Matrimonio, su validez y derechos migratorios de gays y lesbianas Para que un matrimonio produzca efectos migratorios tiene que tener validez. Adems, desde junio de 2014 desde el punto de vista migratorio no hay diferencias en cuanto a los beneficios entre el matrimonio entre un hombre y una mujer que el de entre gays o lesbianas. Consejo a tener en cuenta Las personas que desean emigrar a los Estados Unidos deben tener en cuenta un hecho irrefutable: es un paà ­s distinto. Por lo tanto, lo mejor para evitar problemas por un lado y para conocer los derechos por otro, lo aconsejable es familiarizarse cuanto antes con 10 aspectos bsicos de la vida en el paà ­s.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

History response 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History response 11 - Assignment Example anticipated that Castro was someone he may well work with, since Cuban leader explored New York and Washington seeking both public and official support. But affiliations deteriorated after the Cuba’s Agrarian transformation rule nationalized land possessed by American firms. Both corporate lobbyists and Cold War hawks soon portrayed Castro as a Soviet threat on America’s doorstep. As tensions increased, Castro sent Che Guevara to Moscow and Beijing to shore up support for his regime while the Eisenhower administration drew up plans for invasion. Having this and Che being a Chinese collaborator, the relations between China and Britain melted. At present day, therefore, the medium of exchange has changed to numerous mediums unlike opium which was used in the former years by china and Britain(Goscha et al 7). ` The Great Leap scheme that was founded by Mao’s authority was unsuccessful. The steel formed in small shared furnaces was practically ineffective coupled with food production that plunged since many people died in the scarcity that resulted. By 1961 the collapse of the Great Leap Forward guided the more realistic â€Å"experts† in the Communist Party to lessen Mao’s authority slowly while renewing rationality to financial preparation (Goscha et al 30). Yet still, Mao’s conviction in the power of ground-breaking eagerness would inspire a younger age group of revolutionaries. Guevara was amongst those involved in the Chinese replica as an option to both free enterprise (capitalism) and the heavy Soviet form of technocratic communism (Goscha et al 41). This shows both a good example of youth culture as seen in schemes that he formed and also a bad instance on the youth, signified by his failures on food

Research paper - Same Sex-Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research paper - Same Sex-Marriage - Essay Example Then voices are raised in all quarters and the media also plays its undue role in projecting it out of proportion. Thus, one marriage that involves individuals from the same gender becomes an issue that seems to be made a mountain out of a molehill. The society needs to be quite broad-minded when someone suggests something positive in the direction of same gender couples that choose to marry. The reason for the same is that gays and lesbians are being continuously discriminated against in being refused the right to marry legally. Thus this brings to light just about everything from retirement programs, health care, parenting rights to social security benefits as well as the significant medical decisions. Same sex marriages come about due to one form of stagnation within the people’s minds and the role of one and all within the domains of the same sex marriage debate is significant nonetheless. Though the government might not approve of a marriage between members of the same sex, they just should not impose a law on their sense of ethics related with these very individuals. Since gay marriages are not at all at peril to the public welfare and one’s day-to-day life is not affected by the same, the right to marry anyone one so decided to choose for him or herself should thus be in accordance with the rights the United States of America states that are both "self-evident" as well as "inalienable" in its Declaration of Independence that was brought into notice of one and all a few years back. (Allen, 2006) The problem continues for some people who are of the view that since homosexual parenting can be harmful for children, thus allowing such marriages to be carried out in the first place must be declined and the state must do something that would disallow the people from doing the same. They also say that as homosexual unions are not built around lifetime commitments and also that they are not good environments to

Porgg and Bess date base Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Porgg and Bess date base - Research Paper Example This was very risky at the time as people were vastly nurturing racism at the time and it was very hard for George to convince or gather an audience. Just as expected, the opera did not get a credible response in the United States and this went to an extent of it not receiving recognition as an original opera (Gershwin 11). Summertime is a popular song associated with the opera. The opera is presented in a rather European orchestra manner and this gives it a form of uniqueness as compared to the other operas presented in the United States in those days. The songs’ presentation was in a smooth accord to show the troubles of the blacks and in an effort to bring out the ever-indulging issue of love (Fisher 12). The plot of the opera is very descriptive and clear. This is from the manner in which it presents itself. It talks about a beggar of the black community who survives in the streets by borrowing money from passersby. The beggar is disabled and thus many are the people that have pity on him and ensure that they leave something for the man to purchase food (Standifer 23). The beggar goes by the name Porgy. In the same town, Charleston, South Carolina there is the young woman who goes by the name Bess. Bess lives with her very harsh lover and despite the physical abilities of Porgy, he commits himself to ensuring that Bess gets rescue from that evil man who is also a drug dealer. This is slightly different from the original novel but eventually the play gets in line with the book and the plot does not differ. It is also very imperative to include the detailed synopsis of the opera as a part of the full biography. The major part of the play is the act that begins by the expression of an evening at a particular location known as Catfish Row. In the location, a piano player by the name Jasbo Brown engages in the entertainment of people through his talent. There is the presence of a young mother by the name Clara in attendance. As explained earlier, the oper a involves the playing of the song â€Å"summertime† that is very imperative in the development of the general plot. Clara who sings it as a lullaby to her child does the song provision. The opera portrays the characters in a rather diverse manner. This is one of the reasons as to why it has much acclamation over all the years it has been in the various theatres. The fact that Jasbo Brown is quite successful shows the difference in social status in the society. This is brought out in a manner that he presents his music and the number of fans that he gains by this talent. This brings him more fame and recognition to a point that there are different places that he performs and receives payments. A sharp contrast to the success and the life of Jasbo is the conditions that Porgy lives. The fact that he is disabled does not give him an upper hand in society. Rather, there are the various points in his life that show the struggles that he goes through. Being disabled does not allow him to get any decent job or employment and this leads to him leading a miserable life. In order to survive, Porgy earns food for survival through living off the streets and begging. Drama is also one of the major characteristics of the opera (Gerswin 13). The amount of drama is observed when Robbins, one of the players in the tenement, portrays anger towards his wife for telling him not to exercise his

Should There Be a Market in Human Organs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should There Be a Market in Human Organs - Essay Example I believe that the rich in the contemporary capitalist societies have immense influence in the way business is conducted and they control many market forces such trade policy which in most case sideline the poor. Given the disadvantaged position of the poor in comparison to the rich, it would be unfair to expect that the two groups would compete favorably. In fact, it would be same as telling the rich that the poor have to give the rich their organs for them to give them money. The rich, and every other person who is in a vantage point, has a moral duty to give to the poor without conditions such as they have to get their organs in return (Kishore, 2005). Assuming that the people buying these human organs are all patients who need organs in order to rectify a medical condition, only those patients who can afford to buy organs will get them and the others will unjustly be left out. Those who get to buy these organs might not be in need of an organ as seriously as the ones who cannot afford them but because of their economic affordability, they will get and the poor ones will be left wallow in their pain and agony. This is especially so in a free trade market where the supply of human organs and their prices will not be regulated and only the highest bidder will benefit. Opponents to the claim that a market in human organs undermines justice can charge that such a market would show regard for autonomy. However, I believe that the power of money to bait an individual who is morally competent to give in to a transaction compromises the individual’s autonomy and this is what a market in human organs would do (Cherry, 2005). Trading human organs would undermine the virtue of altruism because it would attach monetary value to human relationships. Altruism makes a person to put the concerns and welfare of others before his

Budget prioritization issues, budget cuts, increases tuitions affect Essay

Budget prioritization issues, budget cuts, increases tuitions affect higher education - Essay Example It can be problematic for a university that does not have the financial means to meet all needs of the students. However, students simply cannot be the sole income resource to help an institute of higher learning to completely operate and maintain the overhead. There may be an issue at some higher educational institutions and universities where the monetary resources are not there to completely provide to a student. This could result in a student not receiving the type of education they anticipate due to budget cuts and priorities made by universities. There then can be a digression at these learning institutions because universities often turn to increasing tuition to help accommodate for the losses. However, if no changes are being made to the university, are students really getting what they are paying for per credit hour in tuition? If students start to compare schools and determine they can receive the same credentials from universities which have more to offer because they have more income to create better learning environments but yet the tuition is higher, it is likely the student will choose a different institution. Therefore, a university finds itself in even more of an economic and budget stretch because of decreased enrollment due to higher tuition rates. Students then cannot afford the university and the university cannot then afford to offer the best technologies, smaller class sizes, more faculty, a variety of class options and also a larger variety of degree programs or certifications. When this happens, what exactly is the draw for a student to attend that college because no matter where a student chooses to go for higher educational needs, tuition is typically not cheap. Before looking at budget cuts and prioritization issues, one might just want to take a look at the common cost of a college class per credit hour to get an idea of how much a student might spend on their higher

Should There Be a Market in Human Organs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should There Be a Market in Human Organs - Essay Example I believe that the rich in the contemporary capitalist societies have immense influence in the way business is conducted and they control many market forces such trade policy which in most case sideline the poor. Given the disadvantaged position of the poor in comparison to the rich, it would be unfair to expect that the two groups would compete favorably. In fact, it would be same as telling the rich that the poor have to give the rich their organs for them to give them money. The rich, and every other person who is in a vantage point, has a moral duty to give to the poor without conditions such as they have to get their organs in return (Kishore, 2005). Assuming that the people buying these human organs are all patients who need organs in order to rectify a medical condition, only those patients who can afford to buy organs will get them and the others will unjustly be left out. Those who get to buy these organs might not be in need of an organ as seriously as the ones who cannot afford them but because of their economic affordability, they will get and the poor ones will be left wallow in their pain and agony. This is especially so in a free trade market where the supply of human organs and their prices will not be regulated and only the highest bidder will benefit. Opponents to the claim that a market in human organs undermines justice can charge that such a market would show regard for autonomy. However, I believe that the power of money to bait an individual who is morally competent to give in to a transaction compromises the individual’s autonomy and this is what a market in human organs would do (Cherry, 2005). Trading human organs would undermine the virtue of altruism because it would attach monetary value to human relationships. Altruism makes a person to put the concerns and welfare of others before his

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION 2 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEEK 5 DISCUSSION 2 - Annotated Bibliography Example The first section comprises of various facts about the state and its economy, which new entrants in the Indian market ought to know (Fischer, 2012). The second section Fischer highlights pitfalls which numerous multinational investors usually encounter and how to avoid them (Fischer, 2012). This is because Indian culture is entirely diverse from both the western and American regions (Fischer, 2012). Therefore, the source will be of vital importance in supporting arguments concerning the uniqueness of Indian market besides other multinational corporations that have failed in the region (Fischer, 2012). This source comprises of literature written by diverse experts in their respective fields. Varma and Budhwar in their work provide comprehensive information meant to guide diverse investors who may wish to invest in India. This is via outlining prospects and pitfalls, which they ought to evade. Aspects highlighted in this book embrace economic development, critical negotiation skills, opportunities and business culture (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). In this study, the source will avail adequate information concerning multinational investment in India besides general information concerning economy and pitfalls, which new entrants ought to evade (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). In addition, it will also support arguments regarding critical negotiation skills (Varma & Budhwar, 2010). Uppal and Mishra outlines diverse aspects that comprise Indian environment, which new entrants ought to consider so that they may succeed. This is because the Indian business environment is extremely diverse from other regions in the world, for instance, the West (Uppal & Mishra, 2009). Some of the aspects highlighted in this source encompass new deregulated policies especially in accounting, auditing and reorientation of the centrally monitored fiscal to market oriented (Uppal &

Comparison of the discrimination Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the discrimination Essay To conclude this comparison of these two groups, the Dalits in India and the Indigenous Australians, I believe their situations can be linked and related to. The Dalits in India are regarded as the lowest of the low and are treated like rats. They are not given proper education and healthcare and not allowed to mix with non-Dalits. The IA on the other hand had there numbers decline mostly due to the European diseases brought to the country and also due to cultural genocide (the process of taking the aboriginal children and breeding them with non IAs, thus killing off the IA population). These two groups are closely related however in the case of the IAs they were the first natural inhabitants of Australia. This is the opposite to the Dalits, they were originally from India however the caste system in India has forced them into poverty. What has forced IA into poverty is the massive presence of the white population and has made the IA into a minority. However there have been recent apologies by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia to the indigenous Australians, which I would say is respectful. However there has been no sympathy towards the Dalits from the upper classes, they want the Dalits to stay in this low status for as long as possible. To conclude I believe the Dalits suffer more than the IAs, not just because of the way they are treated but the sheer number of them as a whole. Bibliography: Research on Dalits: Internet (www.wiki.com, www.dalitnetwork.org) Research on IAs: Internet (www.wiki.com, www.indigenous.gov.au, www.pm.gov.au/media/Speech/2008/speech_0073.cfm Research using class notes on IAs and Dalits.

Preformulation Testing for Chemical Properties of Drug

Preformulation Testing for Chemical Properties of Drug PREFORMULATION STUDIES Preformulation testing involved investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. It was the first step in the rational development of dosage forms. These studies are categorised as under: 1. API characterization 2. Drug-Excipient Compatibility study API Characterization Organoleptic Evaluation These are preliminary characteristics of any substance which is useful in identification of specific material. Following physical properties of API were studied. a) Colour b) Odour Table no. : Characterization of API Test Observation Colour White Odour Odourless Particle size distribution Sieve analysis: The sieve analysis main concept is to know the different drug particles size in the sample. The standard sieves with larger pore size i.e., with less sieve number on the top position are placed one over the other and followed by sieves of decreasing pore size i.e., with larger sieve number towards the bottom. Procedure: Clean and dried sieves #40,#60,#80,#100,#120 and bottom meshes were collected Individual weight of each sieve was noted. These sieves were arranged in ascending order. Weighed quantity of API was placed in #40 meshes. Sieve shaker was set for 5 min at amplitude of 60. Remove the setup from sieve shaker after 5minutes. Each mesh was weighed individually and Calculate % retained in each size of mesh with following formula: % retained = Final weight – initial weight x 100 Total weight taken Table no. : Particle size distribution of API Sieve number Percentage of sample retained (%) Cumulative percentage of sample retained (%) 40 3.0 3.0 60 19.2 22.2 80 26.3 48.5 100 24.2 72.7 140 8.1 80.8 200 19.2 100.0 pH-Solubility Profile: The solubility studies for the drug were carried out using the orbital shaker. Solubility of the drug across different buffers was studied. The pH ranged from 1.2 to 6.8 (1.2 , 4.5, 6.8, and water). All the buffers were prepared according to USP 34 NF 29, 2011. Excess drug was added to 100 ml of water in stoppered conical flasks and were agitated continuously in a orbital shaker for 24 hrs at 200 rpm and room temperature (25Â ° C), till saturation was observed. Then, the samples were filtered using 0.45 Â µ Nylon (47 mm) syringe filters. Now the filtered samples were analyzed using UV spectrophotometer Table No.6.3 below describes the procedure of buffers preparation. Table 6.5 preparation of buffers Buffer Procedure PH 1.2 buffer 8.5 ml of Conc. HCL was added to 1000 mL volumetric flask. Then it was diluted and made up to volume with water PH 4.5 phosphate buffer 13.61 gm of KH2PO4 was added to 1000 mlvolumetric flask. Then it was made up to volumewith water PH 6.8 phosphate buffer 250 mL of 0.2 M monobasic potassium phosphate solution was taken in a 1000 mL volumetric flask. Then 112 mL 0.2M Sodium hydroxide solution was added to it and water was added to make up to the volume Table7.3 Solubility of API in buffers of different pHs PH Solubility(mg/ml) 1.2 42.36 4.5 44.96 6.8 0.80 Water 0.674 Fig 7.1 pH Solubility curve of API Drug excipient compatibility study There is always possibility of Drug excipient interaction in any formulation due to their intimate contact. It is also necessary to determine any possible interaction between excipients used in the formulation. This will also indicate success of stability studies. Preliminary studies: Method: Physical observation Condition: 40 Â ±2 o C and 75 Â ± 5% RH Procedure: Drug was mixed with excipients in 1: 1 ratios as indicated in the Table 6.6 These mixtures were kept in a 5ml glass vials and packed properly. In dry close method glass vials are closed with rubber stoppers These vials are exposed to 25ËÅ ¡C /60 % RH 40ËÅ ¡C /75 % RH. Blend (1gm) was prepared and filled in vials. Observations for physical appearance were made at the end 4 weeks. S.No EXCIPIENTS DRUG: EXCIPIENT RATIO 1 Polyethyleneoxide 1:1 2 HPMCK100M 1:1 3 MCC 1:1 4 Cellulose acetate 1:1 5 Sodiumchloride 1:1 6 Citric acid 1:1 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate 1:1 8 Magnesium stearate 1:1 9 Talc 1:1 Table 7.4 Results of Drug-Excipient compatibility at 25oC/60% RH S.no: Excipent Colour change Lumps Caking O C O C O C 1 Polyethylene oxide X X X X X X 2 HPMC X X X X X X 3 MCC X X X X X X 4 Cellulose acetate X X X X X X 5 Sodium chloride X X Lumps observed X X X 6 Citric acid X X Lumps observed X X X 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate X X Lumps observed X X X 7 Magnesium stearate X X X X X X 8 Talc X X X X X X Note: x – indicates no change, O- open condition ,C- close condition Table 7.5 Results of Drug-Excipient compatibility at 40oC / 75% RH S.no: Excipient Colour change Lumps Caking O C O C O C 1 Poly ethylene oxide X X X X X X 2 HPMC X X X X X X 3 MCC X X X X X X 4 Cellulose acetate X X X X X X 5 Sodium chloride X X X X Caking observed X 6 Citric acid X X X X Caking Observed X 7 Sodium lauryl sulphate X X X X Caking observed X 8 Magnesium stearate X X X X X X 9 Talc X X X X X X FTIR Study FTIR study: FTIR studies were carried out for pure drug alone and blend of drug excepients. The FTIR spectroscopy (BRUKER Optics FTIR spectrophotometer) is employed as analytical tool to check the drug-excepients interaction, using the KBr disc method. The FTIR spectra were scanned and recorded between 400 and 4000 cm-1 Method: Nearly to a fine alkali halide (example KBr) powder of 200 to 250 mg 0.1 to 1.0 % sample is mixed well. Later it is pulverized and in a pellet-forming die it is placed. Around an 8 tons force under a vacuum of several mm Hg is applied to form transparent pellets. FTIR spectroscopy of pure drug of Famotidine S.no Type of vibration Actual frequency (cm-1) Observed frequency (cm-1) Confirmation Table no. : Interpretation of FTIR spectra of pure famotidine FTIR spectroscopy of drug and excipient blends Table 7.6 Peaks of FTIR study Peaks ( cm –1) Functional groups 3506.13 –OH 3377.41-3400.95 –NH2 3238.03 -NH 1445.38- 1639.22 C=N 689.10 -606.6 C-S 1320.81 S(=O) 2 asymmetric stretching 1147.17 S(=O) 2 symmetric stretching Table no. : Interpretation of FTIR spectra of pure famotidine S.no Type of vibration Actual frequency (cm-1) Observed frequency (cm-1) Confirmation ANALYTICAL METHOD ESTIMATION OF FAMOTIDINE: A solution of Famotidine was prepared in 0.1 N HCl and Phosphate buffer pH 4.5and 6.8 UV spectrum was taken using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam spectrophotometer.The UV maxima of Famotidine was found to be 265 nm in both 0.1N HCl pH 4.5. In pH 6.8 it was found to be 268 nm Preparation of standard curve of famotidine in 0.1N HCL pH 4.5 phosphate buffer: 100 mg Famotidine each was dissolved in 0.1 N HCl and pH 4.5 buffer and volume is made up to 100 with respective buffer. 10 mL of stock solution (1mg/ml) was further diluted upto 100 ml with respective buffer to obtained solution of 100 Â µg/mL.Now from stock 2 further dilutions were done with respective buffer to obtain solutions of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Â µg/ml Absorbance of each solution was measured at 265 nm using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam Spectrophotometer. Preparation of standard curve in ph 6.8 phosphate buffer: 10 mg Famotidine each was dissolved in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and volume is made up to 100 ml to obtain solution of 100 Â µg/ml. Now from this stock solution further dilutions were done with PH 6.8 to obtain solutions of 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 Â µg/ml Absorbance of each solution was measured at 268 nm using Perkin Elmer UV/Vis double beam Spectrophotometer. The experiment was performed in triplicate and based on average absorbance; the equation for the best line was generated. The results of standard curve prepared in pH 1.2, 4.5 6.8 were shown below Table 7.7 Standard curve of API in PH 1.2 , 4.5 6.8 buffers Concentration Absorbance in pH 1.2 Absorbance in pH 4.5 Absorbance in pH 6.8 2 0.085 0.082 4 0.141 0.148 5 0.189 0.186 10 0.333 0.341 0.251 15 0.510 0.497 20 0.701 0.651 0.467 25 0.852 0.806 30 0.746 40 0.989 FIG 7.4 standard curve at PH 1.2 Buffer Fig 7.5 standard curve at PH 4.5 Buffer Fig 7.6 standard curve at PH 6.8 Buffer Calculation of initial dose and maintenance dose for the design of elementary osmotic pump of famotidine for 12 hours: There are no sustained release formulations for famotidine in the market, hence the total dose (DT) consisting of initial (DI) and maintenance doses (DM) for formulating the famotidine sustained release was calculated as per Robinson and Eriksen equation with a zero order release principle36 . In this profile the rate of delivery is independent of the amount of drug remaining in the dosage form and constant over time as shown by the Eq. 6.1 Drug availability rate k0 = Rate in = Rate out Eq. 6.1 Where, k0 is the zero order rate constant for drug release (amount per time). DI is required to give initial rapid release of drug so as to attain the minimum therapeutic level immediately after dosing. Inital dose (DI) = CSSAVG Vd Eq. 6.2 F Where, C ssavg is the average steady state plasma level, V d is the volume of distribution and F is the fraction of dose absorbed. k0 = DIKel Eq. 6.3 Where, Kel is overall first order drug elimination rate constant (per hour). Hence k 0 should be equal to the elimination rate constant so as to maintain the steady state condition. In general the total dose required (D T) is the sum of maintenance dose (DM) and the initial dose (DI) DT = D I + D M Eq. 6.4 In practice, D M (mg) is released over a period of time and is equal to the product of H (the number of hours for which sustained action is desired after initial dose) and the zero order rate constant, k0 (mg/hr). Therefore the Eq. 6.4 can be expressed as DT = D I + k0H Eq. 6.5 Ideally the maintenance dose (DM) is released after DI has produced a minimum therapeutic blood level of the drug. However due to the limits of formulations, drug release even starts from DM also from the beginning i.e. at t=0, thus increasing the initial drug level in the blood. Hence it is necessary to reduce the initial dose of the drug to account for the excess release for drug from DM by using a correction factor, k0tp. This correction factor is the amount of drug provided by DM during the period from t=0 to the time of the peak drug level, tp. The corrected initial dose (DI*) becomes DI-(k0tp). Then the total dose is DT = DI* + k0H = (D I k0tp) + k0H Eq. 6.6 Pharmacokinetic parameters of famotidine: Elimination half life (t1/2) of famotidine is 3 hrs (average of 2.5 to 3.5 hrs), the time to reach peak plasma (t p) is 3 hrs and Vd = 80.5 L and F = 0.4 54,55 . From the literature of the PEPCID (innovator product of famotidine in USA) label and pharmacological review information 49,, it was found that the plasma levels after multiple doses are similar to those after single doses indicating the C max is similar to Cssavg , therefore Cmax of 0.07 mg/L was taken as C ssavg . Calculation of D I and DM: The initial dose (DI), corrected initial dose (DI*), maintenance dose (DM) and total dose (DT) were calculated according to calculations described above. Calculation of elimination rate constant: Elimination rate constant (K el ) = 0.693/t 1/2 = 0.693/3 = 0.231 hr -1 Calculation of initial dose: Inital dose (DI) = CSSAVG Vd Eq. 6.2 F = (0.07 X 80.5)/0.4 = 14.0875 mg Calculation of desired input rate (k 0): Desired input rate from maintenance dose (k 0) = DIKel = 14.0875 X 0.231 = 3.25 mg/hr Calculation of maintenance dose: Maintenance dose (DM) = k0H (Since, H = the number of hours for which sustained action is desired after initial dose = (12-1) = 11 hrs) = 3.25 X 11 = 35.796 mg Calculation of corrected initial dose DI*: DI* = DI – (k0tp) = 14.087 – (3.25 X 3 ) = 4.93 mg Calculation of total dose: Total dose (D T) = D I* + D M = 4.93 + 35.796 = 40.726 mg From the above calculations the total dose obtained for sustained release of famotidine for 12 hrs is 40.726 mg. The total dose was rounded off to 40mg for the convenience. Initially the dosage form should release the total initial dose (i.e. 4.93 mg ~ 5.0 of drug, means 11% of total 50 mg dose) in the first 1 hr followed by maintenance dose (i.e. 40-5=35 mg of drug) for up to 12 hrs there after at a release rate of 3.25 mg/hr (i.e. 8.125% of total 40 mg dose). Based on these assumptions the theoretical release profile was predicted and shown Table 6.7 Predicted theoretical release profile Time (hrs) % CDD 1 11.4 2 19.425 3 27.45 4 35.475 5 43.5 6 51.525 7 59.55 8 67.575 10 83.625 12 99.675 JNTUA-OTRI, Ananthapuramu 1

Princess Bride Research Paper -- essays research papers fc

The Princess Bride In the film, â€Å"The Princess Bride,† directed by Rob Reiner, it all begins with a Grandfather telling the story to his less than enthusiastic Grandson. The story opens in the country of Florin with Buttercup treating her â€Å"Farm Boy† not so well, â€Å"his name was Wesley, but she never called him that. â€Å"Very soon she realizes he loves her and she loves him in return. He sets off for America â€Å"to make his fortune across the sea.† She later finds out that he and his ship have been murdered by the Dread Pirate Roberts â€Å"who never leaves captives alive.† Scene: Humperdink castle, Prince Humperdink is announcing his bride-to-be and we find out it is the Princess Buttercup. She does not love him, but he â€Å"has the right to choose his bride.† Next Scene: Buttercup is riding her horse through the forest and comes across three strange looking men: one short, intelligent man (Vizzini), a Spaniard (Inigo), and a giant (Fezzik). They kidnap her and Vizzini reveals that he wants to start a war with the nearby country Guilder by murdering Buttercup and leaving her on the â€Å"Guilder frontier," even though Inigo and Fezzik are not too happy with the idea they follow their orders. They sail away on a ship, but soon realize they are being followed by a ship that is gaining on them. He also follows them to the Cliffs of Insanity. When they reach the top, Vizzini has Inigo stay behind to kill the man following them (the Man-in-Black) because he (Inigo) is a master swordsman. When the Man-in-Black reaches the top of the cliffs, Inigo reveals he wants revenge on a man with six fingers who killed his father. Inigo and the Man-in-Black find they have a mutual respect for each other, but they must duel and the Man-in-Black wi ns, but does not kill Inigo. Vizzini sees that the Man-in-Black is still following them, so he has Fezzik stay behind to kill him. They wrestle and again the Man-in-Black wins, but he does not kill Fezzik. Then he confronts Vizzini, they have a Battle of Wits, and of course the Man-in-Black wins again. From there, he grabs Buttercup and they run off. Meanwhile, Prince Humperdink has been following them with his friend Count Rugen. Back to the running of MIB (Man in Black) and Buttercup: Buttercup beli... ...ess than two hours. There are two types of people in this world: those who love â€Å"The Princess Bride† and those who have yet to see it. The acting is wonderful. The roles are typecast superbly, and the content has no political statements or current affair ties. The lack of ties will set this movie comfortably for years to come among the favorite of families everywhere. (dehm, Phantome Noire.) On the website, About.com, Ben Miller writes up a college student’s â€Å"Must See Movie† list. The Princess Bride ranks number twenty-six on that list. Another reason I think this movie is so incredibly wonderful is because it shows that no matter what obstacles two people face in life â€Å"True Love† will always prevail. Works Cited http://www.about.com http://www.dehm.com/movie/princess.html http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/boulevard/4355 http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/makeup/6353/princessbride.html http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/mansion/8382/main.html http://www.tough.net/eempje/princess.htm http://www.webring.org Martin, Mick, and Marsha Porter. Video Movie Guide 1999. New York: Ballantine Books, 1998. The Princess Bride. Dir. Rob Reiner. 20th Century Fox/Nelson Entertainment

Mark Twain Essay

When to analyze the works of Mark Twain, it becomes clear that the author’s style is simple and direct. Indeed, the author is very successful in convening his thoughts to the reader. Henry Nash Smith, the critique of Mark Twain’s style once made a remark that Mark Twain’s style is â€Å"as close as we are likely to get to the writer’s actual experience †¦ † (Smith 19). Richard Bridgman’s evaluation of Mark Twain’s style is even clearer. The researcher puts it in the following way: â€Å"Mark Twain leads the reader to things again† (Bridgman 79). Furthermore, when to analyze Mark Twain’s style it would be fair to claim that his description of life often takes the form of mediation. This form was very rare among Mark Twain’s contemporaries. In the final outcome this very style of medication largely contributed to formation of Mark Twain’s literary style. In addition, Twain is not only a realist, he is a humorist. It means that besides depicting realistic situation, Mark Twain was quite successful in telling something humoristic. As we can see from the rest of his works, Mark Twain is able to expose â€Å"illusion and pretense and folly† (Duncan 204). Besides, as Duncan has fairly noticed he could â€Å"aid and abet the realistic enterprise† (205). Mark Twain is famous for his humor stories. To make an example, one of his most humorous and noticeable sketches is the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Rich vernacular language makes the story sound even more lively and funny. Under the mask of humor the author had skillfully hidden the expression of confrontation which was observed between the East and West. The story is a representation of Twain’s unique style of writing humor stories. Mark Twain is famous for his humor stories. One of the most humorous and noticeable sketches by Mark Twain is the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Rich vernacular language makes the story sound even more lively and funny. Under the mask of humor the author had skillfully hidden the expression of confrontation which was observed between the East and West. The conflict is represented through the conversation of narrator, who is Easterner himself and Simon Wheeler, who is Westerner. The very first sentence of the story sets humorous mood, moreover narrator’s suspicion that the person he was looking for was a myth makes an impression that the following story will be unrealistic and humorous. From the first meeting of Simon Wheeler sets the reader at ease by the following description: â€Å"†¦ he was fat and bald headed, and had an expression of winning gentleness and simplicity upon his tranquil countenance† (Price). One of the themes is the author’s critical view on American way to success. Jim Smily is the bright representative of an American who is making money easily by betting on different stuff like â€Å"†¦rat-terriers, and chicken cocks, and tom-cats, and all of them kind of things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Price). Jim was betting and was winning all the time, as he was very fortunate. However, this easy money proves to be not stable, as he lost the case when he bet on his frog Dan’l. In this, simple from the first sight story, the author criticizes some of the flaws of the clergy and religion. Jim Smily was attending priest before making a bet. Furthermore, the other flaws of American society are wittily criticized by Samuel Clemens in this short story. Thus the dog possessing almost humanly features had his own talents and this metaphor is representing simple people who have their own talents too and who can be successful: â€Å"†¦ good pup, was that Andrew Jackson, and would have made a name for hisself if he’d lived, for the stuff was in him, and he had genius I know it, because he hadn’t had no opportunities to speak of, and it don’t stand to reason that a dog could make such a fight as he could under them circumstances, if he hadn’t no talent† (Price). In this short story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, the author skillfully criticizes the major flaws of American society. Mark Twain is very realistic in using the words that have a direct relation to human life. The way in which the writer reveals his humor is the technique of using the cross-eyed patterns of concepts. To some extend the use of the concepts reveal Mark Twain’s personal disappointment with the system. The realist implicitly regards words as something that is related to the material value of words. An important feature of realism is that it is predicated on commonsense empiricism. As for human, it is predominately based on philosophical idealism. Paying the most careful attention to Mark Twain’s style, we can see that this author is adhering to both traditions. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and his short story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County are two great works which give the reader a possibility to look at American society of the nineteenth century. One has a possibility to analyze today’s situation concerning race discrimination and equality of whites and blacks with the situation which existed at the beginning of the nineteenth century in time of slavery. Initially, the discussions of Twain’s style â€Å"have been concerned exclusively with his empirical pursuit† (Duncan 201). As a result, many critiques left aside the issue of the epistemological gap that existed between both the subject and object. The only pint all literary scholars actually agree with is that vernacular style used by Mark Twain is able to bring together both realism and humanism. Mark Twain’s style is predominately focused around the issue of conveying objective reality itself. Additionally, the writer goes so far as to convey his own experience of reality. This technique of writing has been already confirmed by Smith (19). His unique style of writing is able to accomplish many important life goals. However, the main achievement of Mark Twain’s style is its capacity to convey the objective reality. The objective reality that is so skillfully used in all works of Mark Twain often brings the reader face-to-face with objective reality. Jeffrey Duncan, the author of the article â€Å"The empirical and the ideal in Mark Twain† presents the famous writer as a kind of impressionist. Instead of conveying an original experience, Mark Twain decides to connect his original experience with his humor (Duncan 207). Mark Twain’s words are direct path to the real life experience. Moreover, the humor is an inseparable part of all his works. The empirical truth he tells is not conveyed just for its own sake, but for the humoristic effect. As it was discussed above, Huckleberry Finn is the representation of the vernacular style the writer employs to present the problem more sharply. To understand Mark Twain’s style of writing better, let’s take a closer look at one of his novels which is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It is one of the most well-known books of his time. The book by Mark Twain is an example of literary greatness that helped people to change their views on some important issues of those times. The author is a representative of Regionalism as his novel like his many works are written using simple language ordinary people spoke with all the collocations, variations and accents of the South. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the representation of one of the complex and progressive writings of the time when slavery was a controversy and the first issue of American Society of that time. Jim’s character is the representation of all the enslaved blacks of that time and according to the morality and laws of American society he is inferior to Huck, who is representative of white free population of America. Slavery is one of the central issues that are discussed in the book. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn depicts the way in which African Americans were perceived by the outside world. The book itself is often associated with some anger and frustration that was expressed by the author in reference to the black people. At the beginning of the story, the gap between Huck and slave Jim is enormously deep, which Huck has enough power of mind to analyze the existing stereotypes in his society and their wrongness of thinking concerning blacks: â€Å"I knowed he was white inside† (Twain 351). In my opinion the core of the problem is Mark Twain’s depiction of Jim, the black American and the protagonist of the novel. In fact, Huck’s words are negatively perceived by the contemporary critiques, who often regard the book as racist and demeaning in its nature. However, Twain’s approach to slavery issue is motivated by many reasons one of which is stereotypes or as Schmidt put it â€Å"whites’ views of rebellious slaves or postwar freemen arrogantly claiming their rights† (449). I would go so far as to say that Mark Twain showed a real attitude of the white population of the South to the black people. The same thing was accentuated with the analysis of Huck’s character that shows the author’s specific approach to black people. Huck’s approach was typical for a narrow-minded white person who was seeing African Americans as a lower race. Loyalty to Jim can be described as very shaky. It means that everything depends on the situation into which a person is placed. Also Huck cared for Jim who had a strange approach to the reality and the things that took place in the American society. However, in general, Huck was aware of the ways in which he can show his loyalty to the other people. He cared for Jim realizing that Jim is black, thus needed the â€Å"other†, dehumanized approach to his personality. However, Huck really liked this simple man and he could even go to hell, but set Jim free: â€Å"All right, then, I’ll GO to hell† (Twain 417). However, according to Schmidt this decision is ill-conceived. Further more, the author points out that protagonist’s intentions are rather â€Å"illusion that Huck’s moral choice is absolute and self-determined† (Schmidt 455). During the post-Civil War African Americans were still treated as â€Å"slaves† in American society. The release of Jim Crow laws gave many important advantages to black Americans. The review of the current laws shows that the major part of African Americans was freed by Jim Crow law. As for white people, they did not change their attitude to black Americans, and continued to see them as heartless and soulless creatures. Also, there was a tendency to picture blacks as monsters who were deprived of human feelings. Under the circumstances like these African Americans were negatively perceived by the general public, and were even feared by the American society. Also, the release of Jim Crow laws widened the gap between the whites and blacks. The analysis of the book indicates that the society of those times was actually adding problems instead of searching for the solution of these problems. The main peculiarity of the book is the dubious approach to the African American issues. As Huck has actually indicated, African Americans were more than just animals. The above mentioned words indicate on the fact hat Jim’s case was approached from the white man’s perspective. Huck analyses the situation in the following way: â€Å"I tell you gentlemen, a nigger like that is worth a thousand dollar – and kind treatment, too† (Twain 364). The situation itself has a deep meaning. Though disgraceful at the first glance, Huck’s approach to Black issue can be described as rather positive. The novel was written a few years after the slavery had been abolished between 1876 and 1883, whereas the events of the story take place before 1865. Thus Mark Twain was influenced by the changes which followed the Thirteenth Amendment and while writing the story was reflecting on the events of his past. Therefore, the novel has to be read and analyzed in the historical and social context. The views of the author concerning blacks and slavery are the combination of his childhood memories and the conscious rejection of slavery of writer’s adulthood. The time period between the abolishment and the time the story was written is relatively short, therefore actual social changes were slight, as the majority of the plantation owners of the South were strongly against the abolishment trying to prevent freeing slaves or their free workforce. Mark Twain was a progressive man, who knew that all people are equal despite their skin color or race. Therefore, friendship between a white boy Huck and black slave Jim is natural and obvious for the adventures events of the story. The two friends share everything what happens on their way down the Mississippi river and really enjoy each other’s company. To conclude, Mark Twain’s unique style of writing, his realism and very insightful sense of humor of his works is the undeniable evidence of the writer’s talent and hard work. His works have been fascinating literature for more than a century and will continue to be enjoyed by the readers of many future generations. Works Cited Benesch, Klaus & Schmidt, Kerstin (ed. ). Space in America: Theory, History, Culture. Rodopi: Amsterdam, 2005. Bridgeman, J. The Colloquial Style in America. New York: Ox- ford Univ. Press, 1966, p. 79. Duncan Jeffrey L. â€Å"The Empirical and the Ideal in Mark Twain†, PMLA, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Mar. , 1980), pp. 201-212. Smith, Henry Nash. Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer, xii,. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962. Kaplan, Justin Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Simon, 1966), p. 197. Price, Angel. â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County†. Southwestern Humor and Mark Twain. n. d. Web. 25 Jan. 2010. Schmidt, Peter (ed. ). â€Å"Seven Recent Commentaries on Mark Twain†. Studies in the Novel. 34 (2002): 448-460. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with Connections. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2004. Mark Twain Essay ?America: the land of the free and the home of the brave. When people think of America, they either think of fat Whites eating McDonalds or Yanks who love to invade other countries for oil. What people rarely think of when thinking of America, is the great writers that the country has produced. Throughout this year, I have read many great works written by many American writers. Over the course of America’s history, the nation has produced many great novelists. From Benjamin Franklin during the American Revolution era, to F. Scott Fitzgerald during the Roaring Twenties, many great American writers have written wonderful books and poems. When people from other countries think of great writers, they only think about Shakespeare or Homer, who aren’t even American writers. They rarely think about Henry David Thoreau or Ernest Hemmingway because they aren’t well known in foreign countries. These writers are famously known in America but one common question that people ask is, â€Å"Which American author is the greatest? †In my opinion, out of all the American writers, Mark Twain is the greatest and most influential author because of his humor and wonderful novels. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835, nearly thirty years before he took the name Mark Twain, in Florida, Missouri. It is located some 130 miles north-west of St. Louis, and 30 miles away from the Mississippi River. His father, John Marshal Clemens, was from Virginia and was a failed country farmer and lawyer. His mother, Jane Clemens, met his father in Missouri and married him in 1823. His parents had seven children but only Twain, who was the sixth child, and three other siblings survived childhood. His surviving siblings were Orion, Henry, and Pamela Clemens. When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was still a slave state at the time which caused Twain to become familiar with the institution of slavery. He later explored this theme in his writings. As a child, â€Å"Young Twain reveled in life along the Mississippi, a river busy with steamboat activity and he often traveled in makeshift rafts or cavorted in various swimming holes† (â€Å"Mark Twain Biography† par 4). When Twain was eleven years old, his father died and Twain was forced to cease formal schooling and had to help support his family. He came to work for a newspaper called the â€Å"Hannibal Journal,† a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. With no formal education like many other Americans at the time, he got his education in print shops and newspapers. When he turned eighteen, he left Hannibal for New York and worked as a printer. Twain eventually left New York in order to travel to New Orleans down the Mississippi in a steamboat piloted by Horace E. Bixby, who inspired Twain to become a steamboat captain himself. After being rewarded with his steamboat pilot license, Twain received his pen name, Mark Twain, from â€Å"mark twain,† meaning the river is measured at two fathoms. While Twain was training for his pilot’s license, his younger brother, Henry was killed when the steamboat he was working on exploded. Twain, having foreseen this in a dream one month earlier, joined the â€Å"Society for Psychical Research. † Twain continued working on the Mississippi until 1861 when the American Civil War broke out and river was curtailed or blocked off in order to separate the Confederate States in half. At the start of the war, Twain volunteered briefly in a Confederate local unit before the company was disbanded by Twain and his friends two weeks after joining. In 1861, Twain joined Orion and together, the two brothers traveled west across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting a Mormon community in Salt Lake City. Their journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada where Twain became an unsuccessful miner. He eventually worked at the â€Å"Territorial Enterprise,† a newspaper in Virginia City. His experiences here gave him material for his 1965 novel, â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. † Twain then moved to San Francisco, California in 1864 where he was still a journalist and met writers such as Bret Harte and Artemus Ward. His first success was his tall tale â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County† which brought him national attention. In 1867, Twain toured Europe and the Middle East where he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Langdon showed Twain a picture of his sister, Olivia Langdon, in whom Twain immediately claimed to have â€Å"fallen in love at first sight†. Twain eventually married Olivia in Elmira, New York. She came from a â€Å"wealth but liberal family,† and through her he met abolitionists, socialists, and activists for women’s rights such as Frederick Douglas and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The couple moved to Buffalo, New York where they had four children; Langdon, Susy, Clara, and Jean. Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut in 1973 where he eventually wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). Throughout the later years of Twain’s life, he passed through a period of deep depression largely based on the Death of his daughter Susy in 1896 of meningitis, Olivia’s death in 1904, and Jean’s death on December 24, 1909. In 1909, Twain was quoted saying, â€Å"I came in with Halley’s Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don’t go out with Halley’s Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: ‘Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together† (Mark Twain Biography par 17). Twains prediction was strangely accurate, he died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding Connecticut, one day after Haley’s comet made its closest approach to Earth. Twain is buried in his wife’s family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. Mark Twain’s historical background influenced his perspective by making him have a negative view on society slavery. Twain grew up during America’s period of slavery and he witnessed first-hand how cruel people could be to minorities and how little Whites cared for them. An example of this is when Huck says Now I struck an idea, and fetched it out: â€Å"It warn’t the grounding –that didn’t keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinderhead. † â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt? † â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger† (Twain 315). These few lines of dialogue say all there is to say about how blacks are viewed at that time by the Whites: that they are â€Å"nobody†, less than human, with lives that are of little or no value to anyone. Twain also felt that the difference between the rich and the poor is unfair because the rich only think about themselves leaving the poor to live their own miserable lives. During Twain’s time, America was practically owned by a hand few of men such as John D. Rockefeller and George Pullman, both wealthy business men who made their money off of cheating their workers by giving them low pay. All the people cared about was making money no matter how they make it. For example, Huck’s father said in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, â€Å"I’ve been in town two days, and O hain’t heard nothing but about you bein’ rich. I heard about it away down the river, too. That’s why I come. You git me that money-tomorrow-I want it,†(Twain 333). Pap is only interested in Huck’s money and was willing to beat Huck, his own son, for the money until he passes out. Once Pap gets the money, he just uses it to go buy alcohol. In these lines, Twain is satirizing how the rich are willing to take money from the poor then use the money on useless possessions. Major social issues of Twain’s time were the issue of slavery and gap between the lower class and the higher class. Twain believed that the Whites were foolish for thinking themselves better then every other race, â€Å"There are many humorous things in this world, among them, the white man’s notion that he is less savage than the other savages† (Mark Twain Biography par 73). This quote provides good historical context in that it shows us how Twain feels about Whites being racist to minorities. He witnessed racism first-hand while growing up in the south. The Whites view other races as savages when in reality, the Whites are the true savages for enslaving a race of people just because they have a different skin color. Mark Twain’s works makes him a realist and a regionalist. Regionalism is when an author implements words and ideas into their work in order to make it sound like the region of the country the story takes place. Realism is when an author writes about life as it currently is. Most of Twain’s works take place in the south and he gives his characters dialogue to match the region in which they came. This is shown when Huck says, â€Å"How is servants treated in England? Do they treat ’em better ‘n we treat our niggers? No! A servant ain’t nobody there. They treat them worse than dogs,†(Twain 345). In these lines, we see Twain using dialogue to show how southerners talk during the time showing his regionalism. These lines are also realist in that they talk about social issues during the time which in this case is slavery and the serf system in England. Mark Twain wrote many great works when he was alive. From the tall tale of the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County to the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain has managed to capture the attention of readers across the country with his amazing works. Out of all of the novels that Twain has written, I would say that there are three that have made the largest impact in America. The first important text that Mark Twain wrote is The Prince and the Pauper. In this work, Twain attempts to inform us about the differences between the upper class and the lower class. The main conflict of the story is about Tom Canty and Prince Edward IV switching roles so that Tom is the prince and the Prince becomes Tom who lives in poverty and their attempts of switching back to their normal lives. The book takes place in England and main plot is about two identical boys , one a prince and one a pauper, switching lives so they can see how the other lives. A few complications are when the real prince gets kicked out of the castle, Tom suddenly becoming King after the previous king dies when Prince Edward was supposed to be king, Prince Edward trying to get back to the castle, Tom’s abusive father beating Tom and Edward, Edward getting arrested, and The Great Seal of England goes missing. The climax of the story is when everybody finds out that Tom is really a pauper and that Edward is the true King. The story resolves with Tom becoming the official ward of the new king of England, King Edward and getting to live in the castle. The most important quote of the novel is said when Edward discovers how bad his citizens live, â€Å"When I am king, they shall not have bread and shelter only, but also teachings out of books; for a full belly is little worth where the mind is starved . . . â€Å"(Twain 154). Edward says these lines because he wants to help out his citizens after discovering how poorly they live. In these lines, Twain is satirizing the wide gap between the rich and the poor in the U. S. Most rich people in the U. S. at the time had no idea that the people living in poverty had terrible living conditions. Twain is also saying that instead of the government just giving us shelter and food, it should also give us education. This text is an important work of Twain’s because it shows the wide gap between the rich and the poor. It is a realist work of literature because it talks about social issues of the time. This text is still relevant today in that there is still a wide gap between the rich and the poor in the U. S. and that the government doesn’t do enough for education because of all the budget cuts and laying off of teachers. The next important text by Mark Twain is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In this novel, Twain attempts to entertain us about a boy’s life during the early 1800’s. He also informs us about racism towards Indians during this time. The book is about the childhood adventures of Tom Sawyer. The book takes place the fictional town of St. Louis and the main conflict is Tom trying to find treasure Injun Joe hid while avoiding Joe at the same time. A few complications are when Tom and Becky are lost in the cave, Huck was running from Injun Joe, and Tom trying to avoid Joe in the caves. The climax of the story is when Tom discovers that Injun Joe was in the cave with Tom and Becky while they were lost. The story resolves with Tom and Becky being found, Tom and Huck finding Injun Joe’s treasure, and Injun Joe discovered dead. This text is an important work of Twain’s because it is known as one of the greatest American novels alongside The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book lead to Huck Finn being written because of its success. The novel is a regionalist work of literature because it uses dialogue from Mississippi. This book shows racism towards Indians when Twain rights, †[They] confessed that they had had almost as satisfactory a time at the funeral as they could have had at the hanging† (Twain 294). In these lines, we see Twain satirizing how a bunch of white people from around the county went see the funeral of an Indian that was a murderer and they treated it like it was a show. This reveals how truly racist the White were if they were willing to travel far to treat the funeral of an Indian as entertainment. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is still relevant today because of the fact that the social issues, such as racism towards minorities, that Twain wrote about still exist today. The book is also still relevant today because people talk about it being the prequel to the greatest American novel of all time: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The last important text by Mark Twain is no doubt The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because it is considered the greatest American novel written and the most controversial American novel because of the time it uses the word â€Å"nigger. † In this novel, Twain is trying to inform us about racism during the early 1800s. The book is about Huckleberry Finn and Jim, an escaped slave, trying to escape from the people who try and own them. The book takes place in Mississippi and the main conflict is Huck trying to help Jim escape slavery. A few complications are when the Duke and the King tag along with Huck and Finn, Huck’s dad trying to take Huck’s money, Huck and Jim getting separated, and Jim getting recaptured with Huck trying to save him. The climax of the story is when Huck pretends he is Tom Sawyer, and Tom pretends that he is Sid Sawyer,  Tom’s brother. The story resolves with Jim getting his freedom and Huck being finally free from his father after learning that Pap is dead. This text is an important work of Twain’s because it is widely considered to be the greatest American novel ever written. It correctly explains the main social issue of that time and keeps a reader reading until the very end. The most important quote of this book is when Huck decides not to write a letter to Jim’s owners explaining where Jim is and says, â€Å"All right then, I’ll go to hell (Twain 2410). Huck says these lines when Jim gets captured and he has to contemplate whether to tell his owner or help Jim and go to hell. Huck decides to rip and the letter and help Jim even if it means going to Hell. He knows that he is going against the teachings of the church, the teachings of his elders, basically going against the full of society that he has been immersed in. The statement is heartfelt, as Huck sees his betrayal to hold serious consequences. This quote also reflects Twain’s belief in that you should help other people no matter the consequences. This book is still relevant today because the social issues brought up in this book are still around today. Mark Twain is still relevant today in many ways. There are schools, parks, and streets named after him. Recently, there was an article saying that the city of Elmira will put up signs explaining about Twains life. The article says,† A project is under way in Elmira to place signs at three sites to provide historical background and explain their significance in the life of Mark Twain. † In these lines, we still see that Mark Twain is still important today even 100 years after his death. These signs will tell the new generation of people who Mark Twain is and hopefully get them interested enough about him in order to read his novels. I think that Mark Twain is the greatest American writer because of the books that he wrote and the time period that he wrote them. He lived during the time of slavery and wrote his books based on denouncing slavery and racism. The most important thing I learned about Mark Twain is that he was one of the few non-racist Whites in America during that time. He was willing to help minorities which is something most people didn’t do, â€Å"To be good is noble; but to show others how to be good is nobler and no trouble† (Mark Twain Biography par 16). This quote gives us the message that we should help other people in order to truly be a good person. Mark Twain lived by this rule and wrote his books based on it. The main reason why I think Twain is still important today is that he was the father of American literature. His two greatest books, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, are considered by many as the greatest American novels ever written. His books can relate to people who read them because they can find similarities between themselves and Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn. The main reason why I think that Mark Twain is the greatest American writer is because his works are about satirizing the common belief at the time that the White man is better than the Black man and any other minorities. His works reflect his belief that minorities should be treated equally. In order for one to be great, one must have the will to help others that aren’t as fortunate as them and treat them the way you want yourself to be treated. Works Cited Finger, Ray. Signs Will Tell Mark Twain’s Story in Elmira. The Star Gazette. 7 May 2013 Web. 1 June 2013 http://www. stargazette. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20130507/NEWS01/305070051/1113/ Twain, Mark. Life on the Mississippi. New York: New American Library. 1961 Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: New American Library. 1979 Twain, Mark. The Prince and the Pauper. New York: New American Library 1979 Mark Twain Biography. The New York Times. Web. 6 June 2013 http://people. brandeis. edu/~teuber/twainbio. html