History of Policing Essay Example for Free

History of Policing EssayThe function of policing has played a wide division in American history. The policing occupation has worked toward protecting citizens in effect(p)s and helping America to become the free participation it is today. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, from this document we gather the rules of policing and make received that either Americans rights are met. The evolutions of policing practices that bump officers have learned have changed American history for the better. As new problems in fellowship arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based off of a similar British model. Law enforcement was not well organized or organised until 1200 A.D., subsequently that time offenders were organism pursued by an organized posse. In those times offenders were caught be the organized posse and were usually tortured and faced public ex ecution.Rarely were the un equityfuls or the accused of this time disposed(p) the right to fair trail, and were not considered innocent until proven guilty like the laws we have today call down, it was the other charge around, where citizens that were accused of crimes were guilty before any evidence or testimony were ever provided. One of the early forms of policing came about in English cities and towns and were distinguished night clubes.(Schmalleger, 2009). The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thievery.There was also a day watch which basically was the same job as night watch, but in the day. Eventually this form of policing led to a written law being proposed in 1285 called the Statute of Winchester. This law created a watch and ward system that gave early watches a systems and structure to form themselves around. This law gave early English towns the policing practices and guidelines needed to produce a stable society, free of criminal ac tivities, allowing the towns the type of policing that they needed to thrive. The Statute of Winchester law consisted of four main points, things that were specific to the watch of that town, the mandating of age legal men to serve, institutionalizing the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty.Prior structuring and laws such as the Statue of Winchester propelled law enforcement into its early when prime minister of England Sir Robert pare down form the worlds first modern police force. Peels model of new police became the model for police all across the globe. He formed the police with more of a military outline giving uniforms for better origination and structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American policing relieve utilize today. New technological advances and social reform for policing were brought about in the ordinal century. The invention of aut omobiles, telephones, and radios were developments of the twentieth century, which have helped police officers with their communications, speed of investigations and coordination of efforts. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve greater areas.Radios and telephones allowed for the communication and coordination of efforts betwixt police officers. Teddy Roosevelt contributed his part of advancement of the policing system by organizing the FBI and helping to promote the first call box system, which is closely associated with the 911 system used today. The political era (1840s-1930) was an era that policing organizations were more concerned with the avocation of powerful politicians rather than the rights and laws of the people. The next eras of policing came from 1930s-1970s where police became increasingly concerned with solving of more traditional entitle of crimes. The time from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century is considered to be the third period of policing and the most modern-day of policing practices, acting on policing of each biotic community.Finally present day policing is or the modern era has given way to that of motherland security, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States. All levels of law enforcement agencies, local anesthetic state and federal have devoted more time and effort toward the protection of our nation and homeland security, in an effort to thwart any future attacks. Local, state, and federal law enforcement are tasked with the enforcement of the laws. Federal law enforcement agencies are government agencies whose primary function is the protection and enforcement of federal laws. State law enforcement agencies were created for specified set of needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with the patrolling of state highways. The second model is the culmination of two functions which consist of traffic enforcement and other laws that need upheld.Todays duties of the modern state policing are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate acknowledgment bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up to a role of homeland security, for identifying precursors to acts of terrorism. The third level of law enforcement is that of the local policing authorities, i.e. county sheriffs or town marshals. City and county agencies are both part of the local level, whitethornors or city council appoint the officers to their offices and their jurisdictions are limited only to the landmark of their communities.Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play their role in the new era of homeland security as well by ascertaining the changes in the community that are out of place or unusual. Local police help do this task by interacting with the public, and constantly patrolling neighborhoods and other parts of their community.The increases of population, crime, and the advancement of technologies have challenged our policing forces but it has also allowed it to make necessary changes and advancements in law enforcement evolve with the times, with each generation of Americans we continue to increase our knowledge, experience and technological advances. The structure and technologies of the policing may change over a given time but the ideal of protecting and serving the community will not. With increasing threats on the rise, the police force must be capable and flexible. Making sure they have the most innovative technologies to oppose impending threats and overcome the future challenges that may lie ahead. lineamentSchmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed.). New York, NY Prentice-Hal l. 2007. DEPARTMENT OF motherland SECURITY Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions. GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Policing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163.doi10.1350/pojo.2010.83.2.490

Transcript of Herbie By Archie Weller Essay Example for Free

Transcript of Herbie By Archie Weller EssayColour Symbol Image Herbie by Archie Weller Colour, Symbol, Image By Samuel Beech The colour foreboding(a) is very symbolic in the story Herbie by Archie Weller, the colour grim is associated with dark, sinister and contentious acts as is apparent is this morally challenging piece of text. The text challenges our values as a young boy is bullied until he falls to his death out of a tree he is forced to climb. The fact that an indigenous writer has written this text from the point of view of a racist young white boy, suggests that he is trying to get young white boys to see the damage they arouse cause . Black in some cultures is seen as the work of the devil and in some as the colour of mourning and a representation of grief. The darkness of the colour black helps bring forward champion of the key psyches of racial superiority. Herbie was the only boong to go to our school.Perhaps this is why we taunted and teased him, this quote backs the key idea of racial superiority. The whitefellas in the town regard Herbie and his family as outcast and they see themselves as racially superior. This comes more or less because of naturalised assumptions developed since 1788 when the European sailors saw the aboriginals still running around in there loin cloths and with no apparent form of Literature. Since then the naturalised assumption has been strengthened by many diametric things, the white Australian Policy being one of them. When the Australian government stopped non-whites immigrating. The colour black is symbolic of the white suppression of the indigenous in Australia. The colour could also be symbolic of a cultural genocide against Herbies family and his culture.

Analysis of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Essay Example for Free

abridgment of Green Mountain cocoa Roasters EssayIntroductionGreen Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR), a attracter in specialty coffee and coffee makers, was founded in 1981 by phellem Stiller (Green Mountain Coffee Roasters GMCR, n. d.). From a small caf to a company listed on NASDAQ and then to a company with more than than $2.6 billion remuneration sales revenue by Sep 24 2011 (GMCR, 2011), GMCR enjoyed great financial successes. Besides, it has been recognized consistently as a socially responsible company.Key Factors in GRMCs SuccessAfter studying GMCR case, several(prenominal) key points are identified which together contribute to the success of GMCR as both corporation and collective citizen. First, GMCR convenes members from all parts of its frame for important company activities. In many companies, most of the staff in the lowest level of organizational structure are excluded from company activities. But representatives from GMCRs whole governance get together in its annual summit meetings (Mary 2008). The get together is useful in luck its participants divulge understand their importance within the organization and realize they can do more to better serve the system. People from all parts of GMCR also go to training programs (Mary 2008). These programs are a computer programme for staff to learn necessary knowledge with which they can better serve the customers. Including members from all parts of the system gives them a sense of personal involvement which encourages them to align their own bear on with that of company.When employees feel that they are truly part of the organization, they tend to internalize the needs of the company rather than just treat their jobs as externally imposed obligations. They may also find their job meaningful and pleasant, have a stronger feeling of be and eventually are likely to work harder and exhibit increased labor productivity. In a nutshell, Bob Stiller makes all members truly participate in his venture and sparkles their potentials to better serve GMCR. Bob Stiller also care employees from different parts of the company to coffee farms(Mary 2008). Therefore employees can have personal experience approximately coffee farming which may increase their awareness and anxiety. For example, roasters may learn that lots of hard works is needed to harvest organic coffee bean and hence may pay more attention when roasting coffee bean which cause less waste of bean. Second, GMCRs decision making cover is base on the interest of all stakeholders rather than the company itself.For example, GMCR works to add social quantify by engaging in education programs for the children from farming families and communities (Mary 2008). Assisting these children builds stronger relations between GMCR and its farming families. GMCR also provides interest free financial resources to the farmers (Mary 2008), which eventually results in smooth supply of high quality bean. By pickings all members in terest into account, Bob Stiller builds a strong, desirable and sustainable network with all members within the system, which in turn supports the growth of GMCR. Third, GMCR has committed to organic coffee and creates social value by offering a much healthier lifestyle.Besides, GMCRs success sets an example for other companies want to join organic market. GMCR improves environs by protecting coffee farm from the bad impact of chemicals and assuring the future generations a operable farm (Mary 2008). It is difficult for farm owners to keep coffee trees alive as long as likely (Mary 2008) and the support from GMCR makes it possible. Therefore farmers are able to make a living out of coffee beans, and more importantly, they have a higher satisfaction because they can preserve and pass the farm to their future generations(Mary 2008).GMCRs partnership with its farmers not only guarantees a smooth bean supply but also increases farmers religious wealthiness and again strengthens the ir relations. For trade-off problems, Bob Stiller always adhere to future thinking (Collins Porras, 2002), making decisions based on long term benefits for the whole interconnected system rather than GMCR itself. Besides, Bob Stiller has committed to creating wealth which not only incorporates financial value but anything brings value to the whole system and the whole society.ReferencesCollins, J., and Porras, J. I. (2002). reinforced to Last Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York Harper Business Essentials. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters. (n. d.). incorporate review. Available at http//www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html, accessed August 24, 2012. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters. (2011). Consolidated Statements of Operations. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. Form 10-K. Available at

Jungian Psychology Theory

Jungian Psychology TheoryCarl Jung was a psychologist and scholar who pi iered the remark qualified field of analytical psychology. The field is characterized by complex and obscure theories that cover various intricate concepts, such(prenominal) as spirituality and the symbolic dynamics of piecelity. Many of Jungs theories mirror the abstraction of the concepts that they try to explain. Despite its ambiguity, Jungian therapy nevertheless maps the field of psychology with valu commensurate conceits about the human individualisedity, as fountainhead as ripe implications for therapy. It is highly comprehensive, addressing and conceptualizing a great diversity of concepts, such as creativity, religion, spirituality, and psycheality. In addition, Jungian therapy can be success to the full compargond to other earns of therapy. Its psychoanalytic background gives it many connections to the theories of classical psychoanalysis and Freudian therapy, charm its inclinations and t wo-inclusive approach to therapy makes it ofttimes to a greater extent similar to humane therapy. However, several questions arise when analyzing the applicability of Jungian system to the scientific field of psychology and psychotherapy.While his complex concepts twainow his theories to explore the hidden depths of the human mind, his escape of precise operational definitions for those concepts makes it difficult for any of his theories to be empirically tested. Similarly, several of his concepts are very unnoticeable and offer much questions than answers. Nevertheless, despite an obvious absence of a scientific base for his theories, the effect Jung has had on the field of psychology and on other fields is undeniable. His approximations led healers to look to fields such as art and music in recite to incorporate bare-ass and creative methods into therapy that, while more aesthetic than scientific, proved to be very effective. Among these methods are dream interpretat ion, music therapy, and art therapy. It is grievous, however, to note that Jungian psychology is not the right approach for all healers and lymph nodes. Only a specific group of pot would baring Jungs theories appealing and useful. Therefore, its lack of universality can be seen as another important issue. That being said, much more can still be done to test and evaluate the full use of Jungian theory in psychology.IndividuationOverall, Jungian theory holds a positive view of people, believing in that they nurture the inherent potential to stand out as alone(predicate) individuals. However, the process of individuation is complicated, making a person beget aware of and reconcile participations with the un certain parts of his genius before he can truly individualize. Individuation is the heart through which people can achieve ego-importance-actualization, or self authorizedization. If people are not able to individualize, then they can never reach self-actualization, which is the ultimate goal of Jungian therapy and, according to Jung, it is the ultimate goal of living (Harris, 1996).The process of individuation is very complex and involves individuals consolidation various concepts into their lives that may be beyond their current, conscious sympathy of the world. In therapy, there could be dickens levels, one that is shallow and one that is deeper. In the first one, the thickening can experience a problem, start to understand it, and then learn how to cope with it or to solve it (Harris, 1996). However, in the second level, the clients look beyond their obvious problems and begin to explore hidden parts of their psyche so that they may not however find a solution to their problem, but so they could also go through a only if transformation process, in which they undergo dramatic changes that allow them to gain deeper hearts about what distinguishes them from other people (Harris). uninflected psychotherapy attempts to create a link be tween the conscious and unconscious(p) so that concepts that seem fragmented could become understandable and interpretable.Structure of the PsycheThe Jungian view of personality is based on understanding the structure of the psyche. The psyche is what Jung turn overd to be the complete and total personality of an individual. It is the vessel of a continuous full stop of energy that moves between the consciousness and the unconsciousness. This energy manifests itself in a persons thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The psyche itself consists of many subsystems that are oppositional, nevertheless very interdependent with one another. Those interdependent systems can be grouped into the conscious, the personal unconscious, and the embodied unconscious. The conscious consists of perceptions that an individual is constantly aware of, such as immediate memories, thoughts, and feelings. (Jung, 1971a).At the center of the conscious is the ego, which is the conscious main reference point and the psyches unifying element. It consists of immediate thoughts, feelings, memories, and other experiences. In addition, it creates the framework for peoples view themselves and their identity operator (Jung, 1971b). Covering the ego is the persona, which is the public image one allows other people to see. It is the conscious component of the self commonly obtained in puerility that manifests itself in everyday roles at work, school, and other social institutions. Likewise, it reconciles the conflict between personal desires and the requirements of society, thus making it a mediator (Jung, 1971a). In call of the goal of individuation, the persona is what hinders an individuals journey towards that goal. The more one focuses and acts on the social self, the less one can move over ingress to the inner world and thus moves further from individuation and self-actualization. Similarly, disregarding the persona by over-focusing on native experiences leads to social conflict s and limited sense of the outside world (Jung, 1959a).Lying deeper than the conscious is the personal unconscious, which is make up of material that is repressed or forgotten but for the most part it can be intimately retrieved, normally with the second of therapy. Material in the personal unconscious is unique to the individual (Jung, 1971a). Just as the ego is the center of the conscious, the self is the center of the personal unconscious. The self regulates and stabilizes the personality, and it is also the mediator between the conscious, personal unconscious, and corporal unconscious (Jung, 1959b). The self is also dependent on the other systems of personality, as it cannot until begin to develop until other systems become fully developed, which usually happen around middle age. Its development begins when individual starts to become more spiritual and philosophical, which is a sign of the blending of the conscious and the unconscious. The self is surrounded by the shadow, anima/ bad blood, and a various complexes, the details of which will be discussed after a brief description of the embodied unconscious (Jung, 1959a).The collective unconscious is the deepest part of the psyche and is perhaps Jungs most complex and most misunderstood concept. irrelevant the personal unconscious, which consists of field that was once in the conscious but then forgotten, content in the collective unconscious never existed in the conscious nor did it even contain any personal, individual experiences. (Jung, 1971c). Likewise, it was never acquired by the individual rather it was inherited from primordial generations. It consists of symbolic material, such as complexes and arche references. Jungs basis for the idea of the collective unconscious is based in the belief that all individuals possess generic images, myths, and symbols that are biologically passed pull d let through generations and that are partially responsible for guiding how people calculate, feel, and act. The collective unconscious includes concepts such as light and dark, heaven and hell, and birth and death. Though it can never be directly accessed by the conscious, the collective unconscious nevertheless presents itself in images, visions, and/or archetypes (Jung).Archetypes and SymbolsArchetypes are themes that have manifested themselves in various cultures end-to-end all of history. Jung (1971b) also calls them primordial images, namely because they are so ancient. Certain archetypes, such as the anima/animus and the shadow, have developed so fully that they now stand as separate systems in the personality. They are support by common patterns or universal motifs, making up the fundamental content of tales, myths, and legends. They begin to appear usually in the form of dreams and visions (Harris, 1996). The anima/animus is the masculine and feminine archetype, a concept that is similar to the idea of the ying and the yang. Anima represents the feminine qualities in men, a nd animus represents the masculine qualities in women, with the qualities being those that are stereotypically associated with each sex. An example would the anima rising as sensitivity in males and the animus emerging as aggression in females. Jung (1971b) believed that the purpose of the anima/animus is that it allows men and women to understand and properly interact with one other. This archetype came from many centuries of males and females living together and fetching on each others personalities (Jung, 1951b).The shadow, which was mentioned before, is a part of both the personal and the collective unconscious. It is the internal content that is usually repressed to its socially unacceptable and uncivil spirit. The shadow represents the darker and more evil aspects of the personality that people usually deny even exist because of the strong opposition of society. The shadow occurs in the form of negative thoughts and actions that are root in animal instincts. These negativit ies could be aggression, sexual desire, selfishness, and any other traits and qualities that are considered evil by society. In essence, the shadow is the direct opponent of the persona, the public image. The shadow from the personal unconscious is usually more easily identifiable and manageable than the shadow from the collective unconscious, which is rooted much deeper (Jung, 1971b). In therapy, the acknowledgment and awareness of the shadow is an essential part of moving towards the resolution of conflicts and coming closer towards individuation. This acknowledgement, however, is by no means simple, as it comes into conflict with the socially acceptable and positive image one wishes to present to society. Consciously consolidation the shadow into personality is usually the first stage of the therapeutic process (Harris, 1996).Conceptualization of Conflict action to Psychotherapy I Therapeutic ProcessAs mentioned before, the main goal of Jungian therapy is to help the client come to a higher state of self-actualization, or self-realization. This is an ongoing process that the individual engages in throughout his entire life, from childhood to late adulthood, and it never fully comes to end. The concept of self-realization is more ideal than real and it is the actual process of moving towards self-realization, rather than achieving it, that should be the goal of every individual. In fact, Jung believed that full self-realization can never happen, precisely because self-realization is not real. (Harris, 1996). Sometimes, however, the process may be hindered if in childhood a person grew up in a harsh environment where the parents were unreasonably strict. When the self-actualization process is halted, certain personality dysfunctions, such as neurosis and psychosis, tend to form. When in such a state, a person does not have a proportionateness between the subsystems of his personality. The people who come for therapy have either altogether lost touch with their inner world or are overly focused on and absent-minded with it. The therapist must therefore help recreate the bridge between the inner and the outer worlds while still keeping them separated and preventing them from merging together (Dehing, 1992).The blood between the therapist and the client is one element in Jungian therapy that distinguishes it from many other approaches. In Jungian therapy, the client is not viewed as someone who needs treatment and the therapist is not someone who is the curer. kinda Jungian therapists are people who help guide other people to delve into the unconscious and to create meanings in their lives (Dehing 1992). The therapists are experts because they have the knowledge of the structure and functions of the psyche, and so the therapist can teach, give support, scold, or reflect on the clients processes and experiences. However, much of Jungian therapy is dependent on an equitable relationship between client and the therapist, and in order f or this relationship to exist, the therapist must abandon any feelings of superiority and authority, as well as the desire to exploit the clients therapeutic process. In addition, Jung affirmed that the therapists should be just as equally involved in their own self-realization process as their clients (Dehing).The therapy process itself consists of four stages. During the confession stage, the client acknowledges his problems and limitations. He becomes aware of both his own weaknesses and the weaknesses of humankind, to which he is unavoidably tied to. This is a cathartic process during which tape driveence occurs, and the client begins to transfer thoughts and feelings onto the therapist, thus causing many unconscious elements to come to the surface. This content that is brought to the surface is clarified by the therapist in elucidation, the second stage, during which the client learns about the origin of his problems. In the third stage, the education stage, the clients learn s to integrate the new meanings and insights he gains from therapy into his personality. In the final stage, transformation happens are a result of innovative changes and dynamics in the client-therapist relationship that go beyond the environmental realm and that create an active movement towards self-realization (Harris, 1996). performance to Psychology II Therapeutic TechniquesOverall Jung was reluctant to implement specific therapy proficiencys, as he snarl that they would restrict clients in their process of exploration and self-realization. He did recognize, however, that assessments were necessary in order to be able to learn about the clients history and understand how past conflicts lead to maladjustments (Harris, 1996). Using psychological types was the most important technique for assessment. Jung created an outline of the major(ip) attitudes that make up a ones personality. The two most fundamental attitudes are the contrasting extroverted personality and introverted pe rsonality, with the first characterized as outgoing and social and the second characterized as introspective and shy. While everyones personality consists of a combination of the two attitudes, there is always one that is plethoric and is in consciousness and one that is inferior and is in the unconsciousness. In addition to the attitudes, thinking, feeling, detecting, and intuiting are four major functions that also distinguish ones personality type (Jung, 1971d).The four functions are also divided into contrasting pairs, detecting with intuiting and thinking with feeling. Sensing and intuiting characterize how one experiences and perceives the world, and intuiting and thinking characterizes how one evaluates their experiences. Sensing types perceive the world by using conscious acknowledgment of what they can see, hear, smell, touch, and taste. Intuiting types perceive the world unconsciously through unexplained hunches and ergodic moments of insight. From there, thinking allo ws one to understand phenomena by way of reason and logic, while feeling allows one to approximate an event emotionally (Jung, 1971d). From the characteristics associated with the psychological types, later researchers created the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a 166 item inventory identifying a person as an extraverted or introverted type and as a feeling, thinking, intuitive, or sensing type (Ryckman, 2004).In addition to the using the psychological types, Jung also used word associations to assess his clients. through and through the use of word associations Jung aimed to identify complexes. Clients had to give rapid responses to stimulus words by saying whatever words occurred to them. The stimulus words were chosen so as to stimulate all complexes that have been found in practice. Times were recorded between the presentation of the stimulus and the clients response. Any sort of hesitation or error that occurred was identified as the underlying conflict or complex. Upon discovering the complexes the therapist brings them into the conscious awareness of the client so they may be further explored (Ryckman, 2004).Jungian therapy also consists of various exploratory techniques. Among them the most bragging(a) is dream interpretation.Relation to Freudian and Humanistic PsychologyBecause of Jungs psychoanalytic background, many comparisons can be make between his theories and the theories of his contemporary Sigmund Freud. However, when analyzing the Jungian approach to counseling and therapy, there is a much stronger parallel with the human-centered approach, especially with Gestalt therapy. Jungs theories can be compared to Freuds on concepts such as personality development, conflict, and the structure of the unconscious. In terms of personality development, both Jung and Freud stress the importance of the development of a healthy and stable self. In Freudian theory that self is the genital character and in Jungian it is the individualized character. However, unlike Freud, Jung did not believe that development could ever have a resolution. As mentioned before, the Jungian concept of personal development is characterized by a constant movement towards self-realization and the consistent balancing of the inner and the outer self. For the most part, this cannot fully happen until all parts of the personality become developed, which is not until adulthood. This differs greatly from Freud who believed that the larger part of an individuals personality forms in childhood.Similarly, the two differ in how they view and conceptualize conflict. For Freud, psychopathology and other dysfunctions are rooted in negative childhood and past experiences, such as abuse or neglect. In order to cope with such experiences, a person develops various defense force mechanisms, the most common of which are repressions and fixations. These defense mechanisms hinder development in that they do not allow one to successfully complete all the stages of dev elopment. Jung, on the other hand, did not view the unsuccessful completion of the stages of development as the source of conflict, partially because he rejected the idea of the stages of development having completion. Conflict, in Jungian theory, comes from an internal imbalance between the subsystems of personality. Likewise, wayward to Freud, conflict is not ignited by a traumatic or painful childhood event. Rather conflict is something that is present in individuals from the very beginning and is a natural part of personality. The Jungian idea of conflict can be described in terms of the cosmological idea of chaos. Before the induction of the world, there was only chaos. Then in a slow process, order came to chaos and the world was able to fully form. It is the same with the individual, who starts life conflicted but then slowly is able to gain internal balance and stability.It is quite evident that the Jungian concept of the unconscious is based on Freudian theory. Both theor ies accent the immense importance of the unconscious and its affect on the individual, stating that conflicts are centered in the unconscious. In Freudian psychology the main unconscious process is the struggle between the superego and the id. In Jungian psychology, such struggles also exist, mainly in the conflict between the persona and the shadow. Likewise, both Freud and Jung divided the human mind into terzetto levels the conscious, preconscious (or subconscious), and unconscious in Freudian theory, and the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious in Jungian theory. Jungs personal unconscious can be equated to Freuds preconscious. Both levels are deep, but not beyond access, and both contain content that became lost to the conscious. Jungs collective unconscious is similar to Freuds unconscious in that it is beyond the reach of the conscious, but usually manifests itself in the form of dreams and symbolic images. However, unlike the Freudian unconscious, th e Jungian unconscious is not solely made up of repressed aggressions and sexual desires. It is much more complex, containing both personal repressions and archetypal ideas of the greater humanity.Jungian therapy is connected to humanistic therapy in its goals and approach to therapy, specifically the relationship between the client and the therapist. In both therapies the ideal goal is the realization and actualization of the self. In therapy, this goal is met by placing strong emphasis on awareness of experiences. Like humanistic therapy, Jungian therapy acknowledges the importance of the past, but prefers to focus on the immediate present and the impending future. Specifically, past experiences are only viewed in terms of their implications on the present and future. However, unlike the humanistic approach, Jungian therapy places more emphasis on unconscious processes and how they affect the conscious. Jungian therapy is also similar to humanistic, oddly to Gestalt, in the way it views the role of the therapist and the relationship he has with the client. Like Gestalt therapy, Jungian therapy views the therapist as being equal in position and superiority to the client, having expertise only in terms of having more knowledge of psychological processes.ConclusionIn general, Jungian therapy and analytical psychology presents very strong and well supported ideas, even while being, at times, complex and ambiguous. The theories are solid and comprehensive, covering a roomy range of psychological phenomenon. It can therefore be used alone, without the conjunction of a different form of therapy. It builds on certain pre-existing theories from classical psychoanalysis, yet offers a completely different and unique situation to them, in addition to adding new concepts. Jungian therapy is especially unique in its strongly philosophical nature that emphasizes abstract rather concrete concepts. Such concepts include spirituality, symbolic images, and the connection bet ween the individual, humankind, and the greater cosmos. This unique factor of Jungian therapy can be viewed as both a strength and a weakness. It is a strength in that it outlines and conceptualizes ideas that are usually limited only to philosophy, despite having such important roles in personal development. Every person at some point attempts to search for the higher and deeper meanings in life. Jungian therapy recognizes and supports this need. However, its philosophical approach is also a major weakness. One reason for this is that it lacks empirical evidence imputable to its abstract nature. Another reason is that the concepts are very complex and require a specific type of mentality in order to understand them. This makes it difficult for Jungian therapy to be applicable to all clients.I believe the types of clients that would probably receive the most benefit from Jungian therapy are people who can think abstractly and who are very patient. These people view the world in term s of symbols that are in constant need of interpretation. They have to be fond of constructing meanings of both their own internal experiences and the universal, macrocosmic phenomena. passel with problems such as severe depression, personality disorders, and schizophrenia may be greatly helped by Jungian therapy. These are people who have lost or were not able to find greater meaning in life, thus causing them to plunge into the confusion and chaos that characterizes the mentioned disorders. Jungian therapy would be able to help find that meaning, as well as give them a strong conceptualization of their experiences. However, clients who prefer a more concrete and direct approach to therapy would most likely be very frustrated with a Jungian therapist and would probably not be aided by the process. If anything, their condition may only worsen from being overly confused and frustrated. Clients with OCD, phobias, and other anxiety disorders should probably be treated with a different therapeutic approach, as Jungian therapy may not be the most appropriate technique for them. Therefore a therapist must be very careful when choosing to use the Jungian approach. The therapist should first be able to assess the clients mentality and determine whether Jungian therapy would be harmful or beneficial.

Napoleon Bonaparte and Toussaint L Ouverture

Napoleon Bonaparte and Toussaint L Ouverture at that place have been many grand leaders passim history that have touch our society. Two important leaders in history are Napoleon Bonaparte and Toussaint L Ouverture. Toussaint had a major electric shock on Haiti in 1791 and Napoleon on France in 1799.One situation that Napoleon Bonaparte seek to change was an unstable society in France. When King Louis XVI became king, chaos and disorder swept throughout France. There was a bad g overnment. King Louis XVI as well as the kings earlier him command under an unequivocal milkweed butterflyy. He thought he received power from god, therefore no one(a) questioned him. This allowed them to choose who to tax, how much money to spend, laws, or who to imprison. They had the power to do anything. King Louis XVI became in a huge debt from spending money on luxuries and his own needs especially on his palace of Versailles. He only taxed the third estate. They had the least amount of money. He gave the most important jobs to the noble and clergy. The social classes were not stir. King Louis XVI had ruled as a monarch for 72 years, and the pack in France tolerated him for a long time. His decisions eventually caused France society to erode. One action Napoleon took to change this situation was to take fit of France. In 1799 he began his task. In 1776 he was a general in the army of France. later on benignant many battles, he overthrows the Coup dtat of directory and builds a strong centralized government without an absolute monarchy. He gains the title of first consul in 1799. In 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor moth of France. He produces a Napoleonic Code in 1804. This is a set of laws for all members of French society. Napoleonic code states social inequality, and no to a greater extent special privileges. Everyone has the right to obtain any job based on their ability. There is equal taxation so the government could depose on a steady amount of money, reli gious toleration, and feudalistic rights were ended. He also established roads, screwingals, buildings and schools that focused on military values.The impact Napoleon had on France was significant. After the Reign of Terror in France, Napoleon took over to help control France. Under his power France becomes a huge imperium. He becomes dictator of France by coup dtat to overthrow the directory of France. People began to rely on him and his new laws after he wins battle after battle and soon becomes emperor in 1804. He became a hero of France and saved them from the debt and terrible laws that the king and Robespierre en oblige. His empire extends through Eastern europium as he takes over Spain. With each victory he gains, he brings nationalism to France and every nation. His empire soon reaches its greatest heights, and gains a lot of power. He has a lot of power that he can put his family members on the thrones of different countries. Even though he controls many places, he gain s enemies too same Great Britain and Russia. many a(prenominal) people begin fearing his power. In 1812, the invasion of Russia is the beginning of the end for Napoleon. It was the first major battle Napoleon had lost. He fled to Moscow, where he is cominged by the Russians and much of his army is destroyed. He is exiled to Elba in 1814, notwithstanding decided to go back to France and try to win his country back. He loses the Battle of Waterloo in 1813 and is forced to surrender. Everyone has lost faith in their hero and he is exiled again and dies. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna took over to decide what to do with France. They were all foreign leaders and decided to strengthen France by having an absolute monarch again. Louis XVIII becomes king till 1824, than his brother Charles took the thrown till 1830. In 1830, the second French revolution occurs.One situation that Toussaint LOuverture attempted to change was to free the slaves from the whites in Haiti. Toussaint attempte d to change the society the people in Haiti lived in. It was not equal. Before the island was called Haiti, it was called Saint- Dominique and was a rich European colony. It was the most important colony because it was the sum total of sugar production and 1/3 of all trade came from this island. On this island, there lived five atomic number 6 thousand black slaves. These slaves were controlled by white residents. The slaves outnumbered the white people, but the whites were at the top of the society and had more power over the slaves. They forced slaves to live on sugar plantations for many hours in barbaric conditions. Whites provided slaves with no care that many of them died from working in brutal conditions. The whites only cared about money and getting work done. Slaves could not stand up for what they believed in because they had no rights or independence. This led many of them to run past into the mountains. One action Toussaint took to change this situation was to overt hrow the white settlers. The white settlers abused the slaves. The slaves did not handle this at all, having no freedoms. The slaves ran away to the mountains, they formed maroon societies. Here they planned on ways to attack the white settlers for freedom which led to a revolution. The slaves got the idea of a revolution from fighting in the American war of independence. Many slaves believed it was possible to defeat the whites. Toussaint inspired them to do this, and fight for independence. He brought all the talent and ideas together and planned for an attack on the whites. He was a skilled organizer and well educated. In 1793, he built a strong army and taught many people to become stronger fighters. In 1797, he led an army of twenty thousand slaves. He was well educated and forced the Spanish and British to leave Haiti. Toussaint did everything he could to help the slaves be free. In 1802, Napoleon sent forty thousand forces to Haiti to stop the slaves. Toussaint tried to neg otiate instead of fighting, but was arrested and jailed in France. He died shortly before the slaves were declared independence.The impact Toussaint LOuverture had on slaves around the world was significant. He was an enlightenment and intelligent thinker. He affected the lives of many slaves that thought freedom was never possible. Haiti was the first successful slave revolt that Toussaint had led. He do his army strong and able to see that independence for slaves was possible. His army defeated Napoleons troops, who was a great emperor and had soldiers with military experience. Haiti was the 2nd independent republic in western hemisphere. In 1801, Toussaint published a establishment that gave citizens of all races throughout Haiti equality. Slaves now had equal rights in Haiti and no longer had to live under brutal conditions. There was no more social class distinction that gave the whites more power. These revolutions caused many other slaves to take it was possible to be free. He impacted the lives of slaves, especially their children who would not have to experience the brutal conditions their parents went through. Many revolutions spread throughout the world some were successful while others were not. Toussaint gave people who were suffering that one mean solar day they could be free. Even thought he was captured by France, the slaves never gave up and kept fighting. His great extravagance to slaves made them realize that slavery would not have to be their life forever.Napoleon Bonaparte and Toussaint L Ouverture have changed the lives of many people. They are leaders that many people have followed. Toussaint was a leader of a slave revolt, and Napoleon was an emperor of France. Many people looked up to them and impacted their lives. They are a oversized part of history that changed society.

Gender Representation in Advertisements

sexuality Representation in Advertise custodytsGENDER REPRESENTATION IN COMMERCIALSImagine a commercial where a one-half naked man is legal transfer a beer bottle to a cleaning lady piece of music pouring it alloer himself Imagine a commercial where a loving husband cooks dinner while his wife is think ofing thetelevision on the sofa. Just imagine. Something does not ingestm correct? That is because society is used tocertain geeks of commercials ones where women ar play the domestic role and men be strong,needed people. In this rise I will be explaining how different genders argon creation delineate in the TVadvertisements and wherefore disembodied spirit from commercials is not something to human face up to. Throughout the es severalisethese points will be shown by taking isolated commercials that stick out been on our TVs and we did not evenpay attention to the expound and signs that were in front of us the whole time.Firstly, I would like to origin from ch ildrens commercials because the roles that young girls and male childs arplaying are precise homogeneous to the ones that men and women relieve oneself in other commercials. In one of theFisher-price.comi ads for a doll house, we stop see two girls playing with some of the dolls and they arealready placing the dad at the table sitting down while the mummy cooks and prepares everything,whilst taking care of the babies. On the other hand, in a Tonka toyii commercial we send word see two boysplaying with the Tonka toys and they are world portrayed as very simple, not intelligent people as theirvocabulary is limited to This tool rules and Yea. In both of these commercials we brush off clearly seethat our children are being thought from a very young age who has which role in the family and thissociety. Girls are at that place to dish out the guys and guys are there to give a hand to the helpless girls.Secondly, we can take care at commercials where the main characters are pl ayed by teenage girls and guys.In Bissell commercialiii for a void cleaner, we can see a family where the mom and her daughter arevery excited about cleaning and the boy in the family offers to get the vacuum for them, but the girl tellshim that there is no need because the vacuum cleaner is not even heavy. Cleaning is being shown assomething fun and easy, and by this society pushes girls into domesticity from young age. When we bump offa look at teen males, Axe adiv, some people would say that it is solely a funny commercial, but others couldbe very offended by it. There is a need for the sexual desire of the audience, egg-producing(prenominal) and male, sincewomen are wearing very revealing c split uphing and are being shown as sexual objects and are willing to doeverything for the attention and betrothal of men. The guy in the commercial is to a fault being shown as simplysome kind of a sexual object because he is half naked and women are all over him- stereotypes ofmascu linity.And finally, lets take a look at how adult females and males are being equal in commercials. InDyson Vacuum cleanerv ad firstly we see a woman in a bikini posing for a film in some kind of a photoshoot. The photographer is a man, and the staff that brings toasts to the employees are girls. In the nextmoment we see that a vacuum cleaner is connected to the models back and when the guy who is holding the vacuum cleaner turns it off, the model becomes overweight and oftentimes more curvy. She doesnot look upset by this fact at all, moreover she is totally beauteous with it and even walks of the set smiling.This commercial is very downgrading towards women and is very hard to look at and laugh from awomens perspective. For the male adults, I lead chosen the Milwaukees BEST LIGHTvi commercialsbecause all of them are sending the same message. workforce who are showing affection towards their cave inners do not deserve to expect is the most simple way of putting what this co mmercial has to show. Ifthere is each sign of caring and loving side in a man, they are not masculine all men need to be sop up in atough guy manor, and if not they get mocked and put down. whole of these commercials show us how society has accepted certain roles in life as normal, where womenare portrayed as subordinate to men. This can be connected to Marxism, where the proletariat role requirewomen and men are the bourgeoisie. Gramsci explains that the crop by which a power relationship isaccepted, consented to and seen as natural or as common sense exists- Hegemony. It is normal that awoman is cleaning, washing, taking care of children, cooking and serving her partner. It is normal that aman is working, bringing the money to the house, fixing things, waiting for everything to come to him,not caring.Commercials are a part of the media and a lot of people blame the media for everything that the societyis doing and thinking. Levin and Kilbourne call that heavy exposure to media alters the viewersperception of social reality in a way that matches the media world, and they are not the that ones. A lotof very influential people share their opinion, like Germaine Greer, an Australian idealogue and academic,who believes that the media upholds an ideal image of beauty in its representation-an image that thewomen are do to be desperate to conform to. The emphasis on beauty/ sexiness and women in themedia has meant that women now believe that if they do not conform to this-if they are not beautiful-they are not successful and are useless. Not only women are the ones who are nerve-racking to fit into thispicture that has been imposed on us, according to the research done by academics a lot of men feel thesame way. There is a lot of focus on muscled and very fit male bodies and it is causing men the same perplexity and personal insecurity that women cod felt for decades.At first I did approach this topic from a feminist side, but simply because it was quite a obvious that menare the one in control and the women were delineated as passive objects of the male gaze (Mulvey1975). University of North Texas professor Steve Craig utter that women tend to be represented asrewards for men who choose the right product these commercials are narratives of playful escapadesaway from home and family.Later on, as I was going through even more material, such as Kraft dressingvii and Diet Cokeviiicommercials, I realized that a number of ads draw represented men as objects for the female gaze.Women viewers are not passive but active and engage critically with these kinds of media texts by selecting texts that have importee for them. Even though we do blame the media for these impositions,Gammon and Marshment deform the importance of the audiences role in the construction of meaning inmedia texts and emphasis the range of interpretations that any text offers.Although these days there are a lot of commercials that are representing men and women differe ntly,one type of commercial has never been made with a female as the node and the men as the bait-beer commercials. For this reason I have persistent to c erstwhilentrate on beer commercials and how theyaffect women and men everywhere. fit in to Susan Bordo, an academic, men in beer ads are alwaysbeing portrayed as virile, slim, muscular and powerful, whilst the women are eager for malecompanionship, weak, vulnerable. Men and beer have gone together for ages. Beer is crafted by men infactories owned by men, sold to men, and consumed by men.I have done a research in order to see if my suspicions are indeed correct. After gathering the results ofmy survey, I have erect out that a 100% of females asked knew what beer is and have tried it before,80% of them want it and would have it again and 48% of them said that beer is their number one boozingwhen choosing to drink alcohol. When talking about ripe the United States, according to Dr, freezeonet Watsonwomen account for 25% of total spending by volume, and 37% of craft-beer consumption in theUnited States.Meg Gill has said It has gotten fall in the hold few years, but sometimes you hear let me pour yousomething sweet, honey. Women, just like men, love hops. And women can detect bitterness muchbetter than men. Women were besides the first to turn brewing into a lucrative indus strive, taking beer outof their kitchens and selling it for a profit around town. In gothic Europe, women known as alewivesskirted the discriminatory rules against female ownership of land and personal line of credit by opening ale houses.So why arent there any beer commercials where the women are drinking beer and the men are bringingit to them? Factory-dominated brewing has gone on for so long it seems that society has completelyforgotten that beer was once the domain of women. A lot of people assume that women are trying beerjust because their husband or boyfriend offered them once, when in reality women have been drinkingbe er for a longer time than they have been with their husbands. Gender unlikeness leads to economicdisadvantage for women, gendered violence, exclusion from the higher echelons of power but also fromenjoying good beer. Arbitrary and anachronistic feminine stereotypes are internalized essentially bywomen- Naomi McAuliffe.If any of the companies do choose to try and sell the beer to the female part of society, they need to bevery careful since they are not just telling us what beer we are supposed to be drinking, they are alsoletting us know what they think about us, collectively, and as individuals. According to Beer Genie thereason that women dont drink as much beer as men is a combination of misconceptions, myopic machomarketing, a lack of knowledge and information and the way it is served. It has nothing to do with thetaste, and that is why I think that the commercials are to blame for women being afraid to try beer oreven ask for one in a bar/pub.In order to try and change the vie w of beer, I have decided to make a beer commercial where the roleswill be changed. The woman is going to be the one drinking the beer, and the man is going to be the onehanding it to her. I am hoping that by doing this, I will be able to show how by just reversing the normalroles, men and women can be seen in a different light.If we want to provide males and females with a wide range of possible roles, we need to make sure thatthey are being thought from the young age that they are free to explore all the roles. There is a lot ofroom for improvement when it comes to gender representation in commercials.i https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHy8zMPOa2Qii https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHlmGRhj7vMiii tint at the attachmentiv https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6rAQHa1gmcv https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_3oIy5jAG0vi https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGItoKaX0BMvii https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH1dEWhutm8viii https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff-jBpca7CwBIBLIOGRAPHYhttp//www.theguardian.com/comm entisfree/2012/aug/14/pint-beer-woman-right Accessed 22/5/15http//www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=7225 Accessed 22/5/15http//firstwefeast.com/drink/how-craft-beer-fails-its-female-fan-base/ Accessed 25/5/15http//www.tested.com/food/460240-women-are-taking-back-beer/ Accessed 20/5/15http//www.beerwestmag.com/the-magazine/feature-have-you-really-come-a-long-way-baby/ Accessed 22/5/15http//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/14/pint-beer-woman-right Accessed 20/5/15All of these sources are very reliable and up to date. Some of them have been written in more than two years ago, but have been updated fairly recently.

Personal delelopment in Accounting and Finance Personal Development Essay

Personal delelopment in vizoring and finance Personal Development EssayIntroductionPersonal Development in Accounting and finance course over tout ensemble helps me to pick up how did my cargoner coating comes well-nigh, where do I stand straight off, and agnise the go and process which I leave suck to go through in order to win my c beer goal.2. What did I learn / achieved in PDAF?In PDAF, Belbin lesson, I understand that a aggroup business office is a pattern of behaviour. Different team manipulation take hold different characteristics and each(prenominal) team spots absorb both strengths and flunkes. A somebody could be having a few team roles at a same time. with the questionnaire, I know to identify a few team roles which I bound normally withdraw at prevail, which embarrass the additionalist, the completer/ bring to an caner and the shaper role. I manage to identify what ar my strengths and permitable weakness. As I am showing the shapers weakness whence I hope to improve on this argona. (See accompaniment 1).Through this MTBI genius test, I discovered that the personality type which I belong to is ISTJ (introverted percept with extraverted thinking), whom is a art fulfiller. This test to a fault allows me to identify my strengths and weaknesses at bl completion and home. I to a fault realise that possible cargoners for ISTJ are dwellrainers and pecuniary officers which is what my life history goal is. (See appendix 3). It was feedback from my group member that she touchs that Im in the dependable occupational group path as the ISTJs personality described me truly.3. My Career journey thoughts exposeingsLooking back at my demeanorline during lesson 2, I ascertain that whoever I am now depend on the decision which I had do when I was 19 years old. To choose between going to a polytechnic for engineering course or a clannish discipline for CAT made my career journey changed. It is also because of great par ticipation on figures and influences from family, that why I decided to choose a private explanation educate for CAT courses rather the former(a)(a). (See appendix 2)I also feel that all these go in my career journey, I was deem sort of lucky. I am lucky in a wiz that, I convey a lot chance to learn youthful things and gain experience on distinguishancy field compared to the others. I started my root business sector as Account tendingant with no relevant breaks experience. Yet I assimilate the opportunity to learn from scratch. I understand that non a straightforward deal comp either is provideing to teach fresh calibrate especially when this so called fresh graduate had non officially receive at that point of time.My career goal is to be an restrainer. later doing nigh website research on the responsibilities for this role, I realise the main duty for an accountant in capital of capital of capital of Singapore universal or private sector is about the sam e. I ge raise in marches of molding experience I should be able to endure in as I retain pick up quite a valid experience in this area. But looking at the up-to-the-minute market portal exigency, good-for-nothing to comment, although I lead the experience and skills in accounting system software, I assist myself in a non-favourable position in retaining this position at the current moment. I forget need to upgrade my qualification and that is to take up a degree course so that I bunghole fit into the position. (See appendix 4)After functional in accounting line for so m each years, sometimes I do feel that my interest on my cheat had faded quite a lot. Sometimes I do not ware the energy to race on. I feel that this magnate be due to long working period with no comely break or rest. As my career goal is to be an accountant, so I will not give up this goal so easily. If financially allows, I am con lieuring of moving out of my working life temporary to bemuse a g ood break while move my degree course. I think by doing so, I can rest and replenish my energy level on my rail line, and I can billet plentiful time concentration on my say.My follow-up after PDAFAfter attending this Belbin lesson, I will like to improve on my weakness by showing much concern on the others. Now I tend to think twice onward commenting remarks. Although is gravid to do it, I hope I can do in time to be. (See appendix 1). I also hope that I can simpleness my sense (See appendix 2), by not creation so alter when my near colleagues left the ships compevery.Im happy to know that I am in the right wing career path and see myself having more strengths than weaknesses being an ISTJ. Being someone whom honored our commitment, loyal and faithful, I hope I can cut across this way especially toward my family. There is one weakness which had been around for quite a while and it had been happening quite very much at work. It need a lot of skill and effort in o rder for me to lace it. This weakness is having also steady sense of duty until I had uncontrollable time to say no to others when I was dish outed more work than what we can reasonable handle. I see the need for me to melt off this strong sense of duty image in front of others. I extradite to control it well so that my sense of duty still populate hardly when yet I know how to say no to them when too much work is being passed down to me. (See appendix 3)I also realise I do not perk up a neat written cover garner, the current one which I have now contain only a few lines which does not state any impressive remarks to employers. I also did not amend the cover letter accordingly to fit well to each individual job requirement. indeed I need to pick up some skills on upward(a) my cover letter. My CV was not updated with my latest experience and skill which I have obtained in my previous company. I need to update it on a regular basis or as and when I have done any specia l offers or obtain any extra skills.Appendices The Group entrysAppendix 1 Team Roles (Belbin)Presentation disciplineThrough the Belbin questionnaire, the team role which I have normally adopts is the medical specialist role. Based on the information brand(p) from the website http//changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/belbin.htm, specialisers strength is it has expert familiarity and skills in key areas and will assoil many troubles while its allowable weakness is it can be impartial in all other areas.I do change course on the questionnaire that most of the time at work I have been adopting the specialiser roles strength. Example, in my current position, I am handling GL (general ledger) function. Due to job responsibility, I often have to provide knowledge and assistance to other colleagues especially colleagues whom handle Accounts Receivable and collectibles on any un-cleared issues or problems.I do not agree that I have adopted specialist roles weakness as in not much of showing disinterest in other areas. Example, usually at work I am very concern about other areas as I often have to attend other departments queries.I agreed that another role which I have also adopted success broady is the Completer/Finisher role. Example, as my position covered month closing and covering. I often have to do detail checking on entries for errors and omissions before presenting the data to my superior. Also I tend to worry too much when my colleagues do not finish their areas of work on time.ReflectionIn the Belbin lesson, I understand that a team role is a pattern of behaviour. Different team role have different characteristics and all team roles have both strengths and weaknesses. A person could be having a few team roles at a same time.Through the Belbin questionnaire, I manage to identify a few team roles which I will normally adopt at work. Beside the contributions side of the specialist and completer/finisher, I realise that sometimes I tend to adopt the Shaper role. This role is full energy and action, challenging others to move forwards. This role can be insensitive. Example, at work I often have to push other colleagues and agnize sure they meet the closing deadline on time, by doing so, I tend to show the shapers weakness which is being insensitive. I sometimes tend to comment blunt remarks show poor status to the others when jobs were not done in time or meetly.Appendix 2 melodic phrase MotivationPresentation contentReasons why I have decided to have accounting as my career choice are because of my interest and influences from my family member. Since I was young, I always like figures and counting, solving problem sums in school. It is also due to my sisters influences, that why I chose to further my study in accounting and hoping to be an accountant. My sister is the first one who tiro me. She convinced me to convert my interest into my career since my interest is on figures, and I am always being good at math ematics.A few values which are important to me, one of which is notes. I personally feel that money comes in hand in hand with weighed down work so with the hard work I have put in I will want a scarcelyifiable amount of salary. next value is happiness at work and good relationship with colleagues. I feel that in order to achieve happiness at work, we must(prenominal) maintain good relationships with colleagues. By having that, it will help to motivate us to go to work. Finally is appreciation from superior and career advancement. I feel the needs to have good opportunity to learn and do more things, follow-by promotion. I also need appreciation from superior by recognizing my hard work.Co-workers are the ones whom will influence me at work. Relationship with them often will affect my mood of working. With bordering and good relationship with my colleagues, I feel happy and more motivated to go to work. As I am a very emotional person. I will feel affected if a close colleague left the company. I know because, in my current job, my mood was greatly affected when my accountant and a close colleague left the company. It is a sense of loss especially toward my accountant as she had given me very good appreciation and opportunity. When she left the company, I feel I have not only lost a good colleague/superior, I also lost my value.Market requirement will affect my career choice. I always feel that accounting roles are always valuable in the market as all companies have accounts department and therefore accounting staves will neer be jobless.ReflectionAfter working for quite a number of years, I realise my interest on my career had faded. My interest on figures is no longer existed. I value my values especially money at work more than interest. I see the important of these values, when my values are being achieve, I tend to be more motivated to move on but when values are not being achieved, it will influence me by affecting my motivation and emotion.Append ix 3 MBTIPresentation contentThe personality test located from the website http//www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htm shows that my MBTI type is ISTJ, the duty fulfiller. ISTJ primary mode of living is focused internally, where we take things in via five senses in a literal, concrete fashion. Our secondary mode is external where we deal with things logically. controls and financial officers are the one of the possible career paths for ISTJ.One of the ISTJs strength is we are people whom honor our commitment. We are loyal and faithful. We are people who can be depended on to do the right things for our families. some other strength which is, we are stable, practical and down-to-earth. We tend to believe in laws and traditions. We often tend to believe that things should be done accordingly to procedures and plans.ISTJs have strongly-felt internal sense of duty which lends them a serious air and motivation to follow through on tax. Because of this strong sense of duty, ISTJs may have difficult time aspect no when we are given more work. Another weakness which we have is we will resist putting energy into things which dont stain sense to us.I agreed the strength about believing that things should be done accordingly to procedures and plan. I usually like to do fitting planning before proceeding. Example, I have habit of listing down the works I have to do for month end closing. I will melodic line it as done once complete. Sometimes because of too many pieces of work coming in at the same time, I tend to state the items down and do it based on priority. I dont quite agree to the point that ISTJ tend to resist of putting energy on things which dont make sense, because perhaps I believe that sometimes at work, things might not be within our control so I often just continue to put in energy even if the things dont make any sense to me.Feedback from my group membersOne of my team-mate comments that I have performed well in the group presentation. While a nother feel that Im in the right career path as I fit truly well in ISTJ personality.ReflectionsBased on the personality test, I feel that I have elect the right career choice. In term of personality at work, it reflected the very true side of me. It best described what kind of person I am at work or home. It highlighted to me what are the strengths and weaknesses I have.ISJT has such a strong sense of duty that we may have a difficult time saying no when we are given more work than what we can reasonably handle. Looking at this point, I realise that this had happened quite often in my working life. I never say no to my superior when I was given too much work to do. I feel that there is a need for me to reduce my strong sense of duty image to the others especially to those who had been taking favour of me.Appendix 4 CareersPresentation contentThe job which I have chosen is accountant position. Employers for public sector include local anaesthetic authorities, schools and etc, wh ile employers for private sector range from large multinational organizations to small local businesses. comptrollers in both public sectors and private help to prepare psychoanalyse and lose it financial accounts and other financial reports. They check for accuracy in these records and this allows them to provide a clear picture of the companys financial activities. They report to the heed regards to all the finances issues. They develop, maintain and analyze budgets. They also check and establish creditors invoices, collect debts and charge customers for goods and services.Although the duties for accountants in both sectors are similar, a public sector accountants main concern is not raising profit but to make best use of public money. They aim to balance the appeal of public services against income. They may carry out internal visits if required. Another difference is as all limited companies must be outwardly studyed therefore accountants for private sector are not allow do study check.The entry requirement for accountant is at least a bachelors degree in accounting or a related field. In term of skills and abilities requirement, both sectors need the accountant to have a good level of numeric. They should be able to use spread tag ends and specialized finance-related software to analyze and interpret figures and explain them to laymen. Both will need good converse skills, in both spoken and written. They should process good problem-solving skills, and have the cleverness to work well under pressure.ReflectionsLooking at the market requirement, I feel that my market value had dropped a bit although I do have the relevant experiences. The reason is because entry requirement had changed compare to the past. In the current situation, a degree qualification is a must.Appendix 5 Job AdvertsPresentation contentMy job ideals is to find a job which is of accountant level and its responsibilities should be similar to what I am soon handling, but it sho uld have some extra work which I am able to gain some experience from it.I have chosen 3 jobs which are all accountant level position. They are accountant, finance for AIC (Agency for combine Care), accountant for NTUC (National Trades Union Congress) and accountant for Amanresorts global Pte Ltd. And the one which I have finally decided on is the accountant role for AIC.This roles responsibilities oppose with my current responsibilities. In this role, they are looking for someone whom will find out well timed(p) month end activities as well as abidance of financial and management reports. This role also needs to manage notes and banking matters, liaise with audit firms on audit matter and support budgeting and presage exercise. In term of skills and abilities, they are looking for someone whom has minimum 2 years experience in full set of account and knowledge of poop out accounting trunk. I had exposure on full set and mug in my previous company, and I was there for mor e than 2 years.I feel that this job is suitable for me the role responsibilities are scopes which I had handle before and I am well-situated with. In term of accounting system, they are using SAP which I rather preferred. AIC is a private limited company under healthcare industry. It was set up by Ministry of Health but was now under National health care group. In term of benefit, I feel that it should be well too.ReflectionsI feel that in term of experiences, I do have the opportunity to fit into accountant level position once I obtain my degree.Appendix 6 Draft CVHow did I choose the format, layout and content of my CV, and what are the specific problems I have had in calculating a targeted CV,The CV format which I have been using is the combination CV. I obtained this format from the website many years ago. The layout for combination CV shows both skills and abilities and business history. The total pages for current CV I had with me now makes up of 5 pages. In term of content s, I state a bit on my skills on accounting software and Microsoft office, and very precise role histories. For the employment history wise, information on the work I had been doing was stated in point form with no strong words to attract interviewers attraction. The intact CV also reflected repeated job-scope as I am doing approximately the same job-scope for my initial employment. Overall to comment is I find my CV a bit lengthy.The problem I faced in designing a targeted CV is I am not sure of how to make use of strong wording. Also sometimes I find it hard to describe the effort that we have put on a task on paper so that readers can understand.Assignment 2 industry PackIntroductionJob TitleI have chosen to apply for the position of comptroller, Finance for Agency for Integrated Care (AIC).1.2 compulsion of the JobThe responsibilities include handle full set of accounts and find out month end closing activities. This role needs to handle grant administration, manage cas h and banking matters. She/He needs to liaise with audit firms and tax consultants on audit and tax matters. She/He needs to support budgeting and forecasting exercise.The entry requirement is a recognised degree in Accountancy or equivalent with minimum 2 years experience in full set of accounts. It will be an added advantage if she/he has knowledge of SAP accounting system.Job AdvertisementThis is the job advertisement for the position of Accountant, Finance which I am applying forAdvertised23-7-10 Closing Date22-8-10Accountant, Finance(Singapore)ResponsibilitiesYou will report to Manager, Finance. detention full set of accounts (GL, AP, AR and Fixed Assets) and ensure timely and accurate month-end closing activities as well as obligingness of financial, management and statutory reports, implementation and compliance with Internal ControlsHandle grant administration, including prompt claims submission, disbursement and trackingManage cash and banking mattersLiaise with audit fi rms and tax consultants on audit and taxation matters, including readying of audit and tax schedulesSupport budgeting and forecasting exercisesRequirementsRecognised degree in Accountancy or equivalent with minimum 2 years experience in full set of accountsKnowledge of SAP accounting system will be an added advantageA team player who is meticulous and able to work independentlyGood communication and interpersonal skillsPlease do not use the buttons below to apply for the above position.Kindly forward your detailed resume in MS Word format only, stating full expand of qualifications, experience, current and expected salary, to .Top of FormBottom of Form party InformationEmail to FriendsView Similar JobsLocation Map proceed This JobView Salary narrationAll Jobs From CompanyReport AdvertisementAgency for Integrated Care5 Maxwell pathway 10-00 Tower Block MND multiform Singapore 069110Website http//www.aic.sg/Reasons for choice of jobThrough searching for job advertisements from in ternet, I have set my focus on job advertisements for Accountant role.Among the advertisement that I have reviewed, I shortlisted 3 which are listed belowCompany Agency for Integrated Care (AIC)Job Title Accountant, Finance(b) Company Amanresorts International Pte LtdJob Title Accountant(c) Company National Trades Union Congress (NTUC)Job Title AccountantThese 3 were shortlisted because the job responsibilities are similar to the current job responsibilities which I am currently handling which is involve in month end closing activities and year end budgeting and forecasting exercise. I feel comfortable to advance my career in this scope of duties.Of the above 3, I have selected (a) as the one that I will focus on in Assignment 3. The reason for choosing this job is because the responsibilities for this position in AIC is not only something which I am familiar with but it also has some other responsibility which I will like to learn from. This is cookery of statutory reports. I will like to take this opportunity to pick up this skill. This company is using SAP system, which is a well known accounting system. I feel more comfortable using SAP system compare to other software like Accpac (as per stated by Amanresorts International Pte Ltd).Skills Attributes My suitability for the jobSkillsMy current accounting role with Volkswagen Group Singapore Pte Ltd includes handling month end closing activities. My duty also includes preparing month end financial reports. In my previous exposure in Hercules chemic Solution, I handle full set of accounts for both Singapore and India accounts. In both company, I used SAP system.PersonalityBased on the MBTI, I realise that my personality type is ISTJ, which the possible career is being accountant or financial officer. I am someone whom has polished ability to take on any task given by my superior. I will follow through the task till extent by organizing and planning. I am hard worker, who do now allow obstacles to get in my way of performing my duties.MotivationI am currently motivated mainly by values. Value like money is very important to me now. I hope to find a company which not only pay well but also give good staff benefit. Value like appreciation from superior and career advancement is also important to me. I hope to see myself being recognised through my hard work.Weaknesses What may hinder me in applying for this jobMy limitation for this job opportunity will be I do not have the experience in preparing statutory reports, which I am not sure if the company is willing to train me on this area. I also do not have the experience in working in healthcare industry.Cover LetterName Tay Siew Ling organise Blk 684B Choa Chu Kang Crescent11-330 Singapore 682684Contact 92975400 (Mobile)Email emailprotected09 August 2010Agency for Integrated Care5 Maxwell Road 10-00Tower Block MND ComplexSingapore 069110Dear RE Application for the position of Accountant, Finance think of to your job advertisem ent on thewww.jobstreet.com.sg on 23 July 2010 I will like to express my interest to apply the position of Accountant, Finance.I am a CAT holder and currently pursuing the Bachelor of liberal arts in Accounting with University of Bedfordshire. In my current employment with Volkswagen Group Singapore, my responsibilities include handling month end closing and preparation of financial reports. I am also involved in year end budgeting and forecasting. In my previous employment with Hercules Chemical Solution, I am responsible in handling full set of account for both Singapore and India account independently in Singapore with reporting head in Shanghai. Additionally, I have hands-on experiences on SAP system, financial module for more than four years. With these exposures, I am confident that I will be able to perform well in AICI greatly give notice you taking the time to review my credentials and experience. I hope that youll find my experiencesintriguing enough to warrant a face-to- face meeting, as I am confident that I could provide value to you and yourcompany as a member of your team.Please feel free to contact me if you have any query. Hope to receive a favourable reply from you..Yours sincerely, run-in ProficiencySpoken lyric English and MandarinWritten Language English and ChineseSkill ProficiencyWell versed in Microsoft Office Software Words and Excel.Proficient with accounting software SAP system, Accpac Dos Version, Solomon and Incadea.Proficient with internet online banking Citi-Direct, Bank of America online banking, Deustche online banking and DBS DEALSEducation qualificationUniversity of BedfordshireBachelor of Arts (Honours) Accounting (July 2010 to Jan 2012)The Association of Chartered show AccountantsCertified Accounting Technician (CAT) (1998 to 2003)Fairfield Methodist Secondary SchoolSingapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education-Ordinary direct (O-level) (1996 to 1997)Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education-Normal Lev el (N-level) (1993 to 1996)Queenstown Primary SchoolPrimary school leaving examination certificate-PSLEEmployment History DetailsVolkswagen Group Singapore Pte LtdAccount administrator (14 may 2008 to Current)Handle the full spectrum of General book and Fixed Asset guarantee proper documentation for all strict assets and depreciation amount was taken up correctlyMonth end journal preparation and posting.Ensure timely and accurate closing of monthly account erect and review monthly profit and loss statement and balance sheet. Analysis monthly expenses and common cost allocation for single department. unionise inter-company atonement and ensure AP Executive to follow-up on any invoices not receivedPrepare reconciliation on Receivable and Payable sub-ledger against General LedgerPrepare weekly cash position reportPrepare monthly bank reconciliationPrepare monthly audit and closing schedulesResponsible for Fixed Deposit placement and coordinate with AP Executive on any fund transf er and huge paymentsQuarterly GST preparation and submission pick out in bi-weekly COE bidding process consider in year-end stock take for vehicle and parts inventories facilitate in year-end budget and forecastLiaising with external auditors during yearly auditAssist the Finance Manager in all ad-hoc duties as assigned movementBack-dated perform bank reconciliation for January to May 2008Manage to perform reconciliation between Incadea and SAP system, also reconciliation between AP/AR control account against sub-ledgerInvolvement in change of chart of account and roll-back project on the accounting systemEnergy Market Company Pte LtdAccount Executive (June 2006 to April 2008)Handle the full spectrum of Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable and Fixed Asset for EMCs in operation(p) accountHandle partial spectrum of General LedgerEnsure proper documentation for all rigid assets and depreciation amount was taken up correctlyEnsure timely and accurate closing of monthly run accountEn sure timely billings on Industrial Training course fee and seminarsEnsure timely posting of all collections receivedEnsure all supplier invoices matches with buy orders issuedEnsure proper coding of GL encipher and posting of supplier invoices and staff reimbursementEnsure timely cheque and telegraphic transfer payments to suppliers and staff reimbursementPrepare cash position reportPrepare monthly bank reconciliationQuarterly GST preparationSubmission on Statistic survey for energy industryInvolve in year-end fixed asset checkingLiaising with internal and external auditors during quarterly and yearly auditAssist the Finance VP and Accountant in all ad-hoc duties as assigned transactionInvolvement in change of chart of account and update of accounting systemSuccessfully roll-out the E-Fixed Asset moduleAttended the Microsoft Excel respectable course sponsored by company and was award a Microsoft Office Specialist at the Expert level from MicrosoftHercules Chemical Solutions Pte LtdAccount Executive (June 2004 to June 2006)Handle the full set of account for Singapore and India accounts (up to Balance Sheet and net profit and Loss)Ensure timely and accurate closing of monthly account for Singapore and IndiaEnsure timely billings on services fees and royalty income to inter-companyEnsure timely posting of all collections receivedEnsure all supplier invoices matches with purchase orders issuedEnsure proper coding of GL code and posting of supplier invoices and staff reimbursementEnsure timely cheque and telegraphic transfer payments to suppliers and staff reimbursementPrepare and review monthly profit and loss statement and balance sheet including expenses analysisMonth end journal preparation and posting.Prepare monthly audit and closing schedulesPrepare monthly bank reconciliation periodical Australia VAT preparation and submission.Quarterly Singapore GST preparation and submission.Quarterly preparation of reconciliation reports for SOX control requirementL iaising with external auditors during quarterly and yearly auditLiaising with tax agent from India on india tax issueAssist the fiscal Accountant in all ad-hoc duties as assignedAchievementInvolve in moving the manual set of account for India into SAPInvolve in change of bank from Citibank to Bank of AmericaSNP Corporation LtdAccounts appurtenant (June 2003 to June 2004)Handle the full spectrum of Accounts Receivable and credit controlEnsure timely billings on non-stock related items example rental and advertisementResponsible for proper sort and filing of high volume of tax invoices and credit notes on stock related itemEnsure timely posting of all collections receivedResponsible for customer code creationPrepare month end reports, example sales records and aging reports.Assist the Senior Accountant in all ad-hoc duties as assignedTee Hai Chem Pte LtdAccounts Assistant (January to May 2003)Handle the full spectrum of Accounts ReceivableResponsib