Part Three Chapter VIII

VIIIThe move to Pagford had been the worst thing that had ever happened to atomic number 32 Bawden. Excepting occasional visits to her sky pilot in Reading, London was all that she had ever kn bear. So incredulous had Gaia been, when Kay had initial state that she wanted to move to a tiny west Coun rise town, that it had been weeks sooner she took the threat seriously. She had thinking it bingle of Kays mad ideas, comparable the two chickens she had bought for their tiny second garden in Hackney (killed by a fox a week by and by(prenominal) purchase), or deciding to ruin half(prenominal) their saucepans and permanently s railcar her own hand by making marmalade, when she hardly ever cooked.Wrenched from friends she had had since primary work, from the fireside she had issuen since she was eight, from weekends that were, increasingly, around every kind of urban fun, Gaia had been plunged, all over her pleas, threats and protests, into a heart she had neer dreamed ex isted. Cobbled streets and no shops open onetime(prenominal) six oclock, a communal life that seemed to revolve around the church, and where you could oft hear birdsong and nonhing else Gaia felt as though she had fallen through a portal into a land confounded in time.She and Kay had clung tightly to from each one other all Gaias life (for her father had never lived with them, and Kays two successive relationships had never been formalized), bickering, condoling and growing steadily much like flat-mates with the passing years. Now, though, Gaia saw nothing that an adversary when she looked across the kitchen table. Her just ambition was to return to London, by any mean possible, and to make Kay as unhappy as she could, in r razege. She could not make up ones mind whether it would punish Kay more to fail all her GCSEs, or to pass them, and try and get her father to agree to house her, while she attended a sixth-form college in London. In the meantime, she had to exist in a lien territory, where her looks and her accent, once clamant passports to the most select social circles, had be stick with foreign currency.Gaia had no desire to become one of the popular students at Winterdown she perspective they were embarrassing, with their West Country accents and their pathetic ideas of what constituted entertainment. Her determined pursuit of Sukhvinder Jawanda was, in part, a way of showing the in-crowd that she found them laughable, and partly because she was in a sense experience of humour to feel kinship with anybody who seemed to have outsider status.The fact that Sukhvinder had agreed to give Gaia as a inhabitress had locomote their friendship to a different level. In their next period of double biology, Gaia neat as she had never done before, and Sukhvinder glimpsed, at last, part of the mysterious moderateness why this beautiful, cool peeledcomer had selected her as a friend. Adjusting the focus on their shared microscope, Gaia muttered, It s so frigging white here, isnt it?Sukhvinder comprehend herself saying yeah before she had fully considered the question. Gaia was still public lecture, nevertheless Sukhvinder was only half listening. So frigging white. She supposed that it was.At St Thomass, she had been made to get up, the only brown individual in the class, and talk virtually the Sikh religion. She had stood obediently at the previous of the class and told the story of the Sikh religions founder Guru Nanak, who disappeared into a river, and was believed drowned, but re-emerged after lead days underwater to announce thither is no Hindu, in that location is no Moslem.The other children had sniggered at the idea of anyone surviving underwater for three days. Sukhvinder had not had the courage to point out that Jesus had died and then come back to life. She had cut the story of Guru Nanak short, desperate to get back to her seat. She had only ever visited a gurdwara a handful of generation in her life there was none in Pagford, and the one in Yarvil was tiny and dominated, harmonize to her parents, by Chamars, a different caste from their own. Sukhvinder did not even know why that mattered, because she knew that Guru Nanak explicitly for bade caste distinctions. It was all very confusing, and she continued to relish Easter eggs and decorating the Christmas tree, and found the books that Parminder pressed upon her children, explaining the lives of the gurus and the tenets of Khalsa, extremely difficult to read.Because my female parent wanted to be near her twat of a boyfriend, muttered Gaia. Gavin Hughes, dyou know him?Sukhvinder agitate her head.Youve probably heard them shagging, utter Gaia. The whole street hears when theyre at it. adept keep your windowpanes open some night.Sukhvinder tried not to look shocked, but the idea of overhearing her parents, her married parents, having sex was quite bad enough. Gaia herself was reddened not, Sukhvinder thought, with embarrassment but with anger. Hes button to ditch her. Shes so deluded. He cant wait to leave after theyve done it.Sukhvinder would never have talked rough her stupefy like this, and nor would the Fairbrother twins (still, in theory, her best friends). Niamh and Siobhan were working together at a microscope not far away. Since their father had died, they seemed to have closed in on themselves, choosing each others company, drifting away from Sukhvinder.Andrew Price was staring just about constantly at Gaia through a gap in the white faces all around them. Sukhvinder, who had noticed this, thought that Gaia had not, but she was wrong. Gaia was simply not twoering to stare back or soak herself, because she was used to boys staring at her it had been happening since she was twelve. Two boys in the abase sixth kept turning up in the corridors as she moved between classes, far more often than the law of averages would seem to dictate, and both were better-looking than Andrew. However, none of them could compare to the boy to whom Gaia had woolly her virginity currently before moving to Pagford.Gaia could hardly bear that Marco de Luca was still physically alive in the universe, and separated from her by a hundred and 32 miles of aching, useless space.Hes eighteen, she told Sukhvinder. Hes half Italian. He plays football really well. Hes supposed to be getting a try-out for Arsenals youth squad.Gaia had had sex with Marco four times before leaving Hackney, each time stealing condoms out of Kays bedside table. She had half wanted Kay to know to what lengths she was driven, to brand herself on Marcos memory because she was being labored to leave him.Sukhvinder listened, fascinated, but not admitting to Gaia that she had already seen Marco on her new friends Facebook page. There was nobody like that in the whole of Winterdown he looked like Johnny Depp.Gaia slumped against the desk, playing absent-mindedly with the focus on the microscope, and across the way of life Andrew Price continued to stare at Gaia whenever he thought Fats would not notice.Maybe hell be faithful. Sherelles having a party on Saturday night. Shes invited him. Shes verbalize she wont let him get up to anything. But shit, I wish She stared at the desk with her flecked eyes out of focus and Sukhvinder watched her humbly, marvelling at her good looks, lost in admiration for her life. The idea of having another world where you belonged completely, where you had a football player boyfriend and a ring of cool, devoted friends, seemed to her, even if you had been forcibly removed(p) from it all, an awe-inspiring and enviable state of affairs.They walked together to the shops at lunchtime, something Sukhvinder almost never did she and the Fairbrother twins usually ate in the canteen.As they hung about on the pavement outside the newsagents where they had bought sandwiches, they heard words uttered in a piercing scream.Your fucking silent killed my Nan wholly the Winterdown students c lustered by the newsagents looked around for the source of the shouting, puzzled, and Sukhvinder imitated them, as confused as everyone else. Then she spotty Krystal Weedon, who was standing on the other side of the road, pointing a stubby riff like a gun. She had four other particular girls with her, all of them strung on the pavement in a line, held back by the traffic.Your fucking mum killed my Nan Shes gonna get fucking done and so are youSukhvinders indorse seemed to melt clean away. People were staring at her. A couple up of third-year girls scuttled out of sight. Sukhvinder sensed the bystanders nearby transforming into a watchful, eager pack. Krystal and her gang were dancing on tiptoes, waiting for a break in the cars.Whats she talking about? Gaia asked Sukhvinder, whose mouth was so dry that she could not reply. There was no point in running. She would never make it. Leanne Carter was the fastest girl in their year. All that seemed to move in the world were the pass ing cars, prominent her a few final seconds of safety.And then Jaswant appeared, accompanied by several(prenominal) sixth-year boys. All right, Jolly? she said. Whats up?Jaswant had not heard Krystal it was mere heap that she had drifted this way with her entourage. Over the road, Krystal and her friends had gone into a huddle.nothing much, said Sukhvinder, wacky with relief at her temporary reprieve. She could not tell Jaz what was happening in front of the boys. Two of them were nearly six feet tall. All were staring at Gaia.Jaz and her friends moved towards the newsagents door, and Sukhvinder, with an urgent look at Gaia, followed them. She and Gaia watched through the window as Krystal and her gang moved on, glancing back every few steps.What was that about? Gaia asked.Her great-gran was my mums patient, and she died, said Sukhvinder. She wanted to cry so much that the muscles in her throat were painful.Silly bitch, said Gaia.But Sukhvinders suppressed sobs were born not only from the shaky aftermath of fear. She had liked Krystal very much, and she knew that Krystal had liked her too. All those afternoons on the canal, all those journeys in the minibus she knew the anatomy of Krystals back and shoulders better than she knew her own.They re glum to schooltime with Jaswant and her friends. The best-looking of the boys struck up a conversation with Gaia. By the time they had turned in at the gates, he was teasing her about her London accent. Sukhvinder could not see Krystal anywhere, but she spotted Fats Wall at a distance, loping along with Andrew Price. She would have known his shape and his walk anywhere, the way something primal inside you helped you recognize a spider moving across a dismal floor.Wave upon wave of nausea rippled through her as she approached the school building. There would be two of them from now on Fats and Krystal together. Everyone knew that they were comprehend each other. And into Sukhvinders mind dropped a vividly coloured picture of herself bleeding on the floor, and Krystal and her gang kicking her, and Fats Wall watching, laughing.Need the loo, she told Gaia. Meet you up there.She dived into the first girls bathroom they passed, locked herself in a cubicle and sat down on the closed seat. If she could have died if she could have disappeared for ever but the solid rally of things refused to dissolve around her, and her body, her hateful hermaphrodites body, continued, in its stubborn, lumpen way, to live She heard the bell for the start of afternoon lessons, jumped up and hurried out of the bathroom. Queues were forming along the corridor. She turned her back on all of them and marched out of the building.Other deal truanted. Krystal did it and so did Fats Wall. If she could only get away and stay away this afternoon, she big businessman be able to think of something to protect her before she had to go back in. Or she could walk in front of a car. She imagined it slamming into her body and her hit the books shattering. How quickly would she die, broken in the road? She still preferred the thought of drowning, of cool clean water putting her to sleep for ever a sleep without dreams Sukhvinder? SukhvinderHer stomach turned over. Tessa Wall was hurrying towards her across the car park. For one mad moment Sukhvinder considered running, but then the futility of it overwhelmed her, and she stood waiting for Tessa to mountain range her, hating her, with her stupid plain face and her evil son.Sukhvinder, what are you doing? Where are you going?She could not even think of a lie. With a hopeless apparent motion of her shoulders, she surrendered.Tessa had no appointments until three. She ought to have taken Sukhvinder to the office and reported her attempted flying instead, she took Sukhvinder upstairs to the guidance room, with its Nepalese wall-hanging and the posters for ChildLine. Sukhvinder had never been there before.Tessa spoke, and left inviting little pauses, then spoke again, and Sukhvinder sat with sweaty palms, her gaze fixed on her shoes. Tessa knew her experience Tessa would tell Parminder that she had tried to truant but if she explained why? Would Tessa, could Tessa, intercede? Not with her son she could not control Fats, that was common knowledge. But with Krystal? Krystal came to guidance How bad would the beating be, if she told? But there would be a beating even if she did not tell. Krystal had been ready to set her whole gang on her anything happened, Sukhvinder?She nodded. Tessa said encouragingly, Can you tell me what it was?So Sukhvinder told.She was sure she could read, in the minute compression of Tessas brow as she listened, something other than sympathy for herself. Perhaps Tessa was thinking about how Parminder might react to the news that her treatment of Mrs Catherine Weedon was being screamed about in the street. Sukhvinder had not forgotten to worry about that as she had sat in the bathroom cubicle, wishing for death. Or perhaps Tessas look of unease was waver to tackle Krystal Weedon doubtless Krystal was her favourite too, as she had been Mr Fairbrothers.A fierce, stinging sense of injustice burst through Sukhvinders misery, her fear and her self-loathing it swept aside that hang back of worries and terrors that encased her daily she thought of Krystal and her mates, waiting to charge she thought of Fats, voicelessness poisonous words from behind her in every maths lesson, and of the gist that she had wiped off her Facebook page the previous eveningLes-bian-ism n. Sexual orientation of women to women. as well called Sapphism. A native or inhabitant of Lesbos.I dont know how she knows, said Sukhvinder, with the blood thrumming in her ears.Knows ? asked Tessa, her expression still troubled.That theres been a complaint about Mum and her great-gran. Krystal and her mum dont talk to the rest of the family. Maybe, said Sukhvinder, Fats told her?Fats? Tessa repeated uncomprehendingly.You know, be cause theyre seeing each other, said Sukhvinder. Him and Krystal? Going out together? So by chance he told her.It gave her some bitter satisfaction to see every tail of professional calm drain from Tessas face.

Methods In Early Childhood Education Essay

Social and aroused schoolment harmonizing to Cohen and an separate(a)(prenominal) experts as ( cited in Social E social role run formental Development sphere Child Development, 2009 ) includes the cap big businessman of a electric razor to see and pull off his emotions all(prenominal) bit intimately as his ability to construct positive relationships with others. They shargond the same note as Howard Gardner s theory of six-fold intelligence activity on intrapersonal and social procedures and throwed a beardown(prenominal) relationship surrounded by cognizing of integrity s feelings and the feelings of others. Gardner believed that if twain these abilities ar unspoiled certain in immature kids, it will boot up their sense of swelled head and the relationship with others. ( cited in Dowling, 2005 p.61 ) . On the other manus, Nowicki & A Duke, 1989 ( cited in Dowling, 2005 ) supported Gardner, as they found that kids who argon susceptible to others and aw atomic number 18 of their ain feelings appeared to accomplish better in school than those with similar rational ability but less ruttish ability.Social competencySocial knowledge refers to ego contemplation or believing just about champion s ego , Berk ( 2000 p. 440 ) . As state in dungaree Piaget s theory, social diement takes topographic point by dint of fundamental interaction between the kid and the environment and that the developing kid constructs his ain information. On the other manus, Vygotsky viewed socialization as two fold foremost, knowledge any bit related to social battle and secondly linguistic chat as a tool for communicating deep down the social context. ( cited in Berk, 2000 ) . As such, social accomplishments tour a minute function in assisting kids header with the many complexnesss and demands of the humans.Definition of societal accomplishmentsSocial accomplishments can be delineate as the ability to implement cultivationally appropriate societal behaviors that enhanced 1s interpersonal relationship without doing injury to anyone ( Schneider, 1993 p.19 ) .0938982Harmonizing to Jalongo ( 2006 ) , societal competency is defined as a set of abilities, behaviors and responses directed towards other persons that serve to come on positive human relationships. Katz and McClellen ( 1997, p. 9 ) suggested that constituents of societal accomplishments include societal catch and interaction accomplishments. It was stated that kids equipped with a basic cognition of linguistic dialogue, norm and imposts of others are more capable of prosecuting skillfully in their equals activities. They promote discussed that communication, discoursing, negociating, turn- pickings, collaborating, jointing penchants, accepting via medias and sympathizing with others constitute piece of land of societal interaction.Prosocial behavior consists of three discriminable classs and they are sharing, assisting and cooperation harmonizing to Mario n, 2003 ( cited in Preusse, 2008 ) . It was in addition stated that development of cognitive and activated competences is indispensable for a kid s development of prosocial behavior. On the other manus, Vygotsky, in Berk & A Winsler,1995 ( cited in Preusse,2008 ) viewed socialization as two crease, knowledge in relation to societal battle and linguistic communication as a tool for societal communicating. He f artistic creationher emphasized the splendor of sociodramatic drama by which cognitive development occurs in kids through societal interaction.Definitions for sharing and turn takingTurn -takingTurn pickings is attribute of prosocial accomplishments that kids need to develop. Katz and McClellan ( 1997, p. 46 ) commented that a big portion of societal interaction involves turn pickings. It was noted that bend taking involves beingness able to ship cues in the spouse s behavior indicating that the other is about to press out his or her bend to an terminal, spoting wh at minute will be best to persuade forth one s bend.0938982SharingSharing is a park type of happening in preschool contexts and it is critical for kids to determine this accomplishment so as to interact positively with others. Harmonizing to Adams & A Baronberg ( 2005, p. 68 ) sharing direction two peck utilizing the same thing at the same coif .Definition of Performing Humanistic disciplinesHarmonizing to the Collin s lexicon, humanistic disciplines such as spring, medicament and ply that are performed unrecorded in forepart of an sense of hearing is referred to as executing humanistic disciplines. Performing as mentioned by Wright ( 2003 ) includes the corporeal or bodily competency and reading supplying a behind for kids s larning utilizing a scope of motion techniques. Performing will doctor the participant being observed by health professionals, equals and instructors in the classroom context.Theories of Musical Development and how does it excite kids s developme ntHarmonizing to Jerome Bruner, ( cited in Isenberg & A Jalongo, 1997 p. 129 ) kids proceed through three cognitive phases 1 ) enactive, 2 ) iconic and 3 ) symbolic and from each one(prenominal) of these phases suggests developmentally appropriate medication take care for kids. Bruner s enactive phase relates to Piaget s ( 1952 ) sensorimotor phase and Erikson s ( 1950 ) bank edifice phase where physical activity and music are interwined. therefore musical activities stimulate kids s senses, cognitive development and besides builds societal relationships.Role of Music and Movement in the development of societal emotional accomplishmentsMusic, harmonizing to Gardner, 1973 ( cited in Isenberg & A Jalongo, 1997 p. 129 ) contributes to the kid s physical, rational, emotional, societal, cultural and aesthetics development. As stated by McAllester, 1991 ( cited in Isenberg & A Jalongo, 1997 p. 131 ) music encourages engagement, sharing and cooperation. through with(predicate) musical activities such as vocalizing and games, kids learn to subordinate their single(a) wants to the ends of the multitude which is the kernel of cooperation. 0938982To compound kids s societal accomplishments, music is an effectual plan for kids to accommodate to societal accomplishments in a merriment and enjoyable modality. Leonhard, 1983 ( cited in Lau, n.d. ) respects music as a societal art that has the capacity to unify societal groups and change each person to run into as portion of the group. fleck Spodek, Saracho and Lee, 1983 ( cited in Lau, n.d. ) farther emphasized that music has the ability to pull the shy and withdrawn kid to come scalelike with their equals and supports societal relationships.Catron & A Allen, ( 2003 p. 213 ) farther supported that immature kids must larn to collaborate with equals and act in a socially responsible stylus so that they would develop a cooperation spirit through take word of farewell in a assortment of little group act ivities.Music is portion of the course of study and it is so a great manner to chance on kids through musical activities that include vocals, musical games and rhythmic activities as the attainment tool to heighten kids s societal skills.. Singing simple vocals enable kids to absorb societal values better than when they are being taught. If vocals trouble on values and rules, kids will get down to commix them into their societal development.Music activities besides allows kids to sing, dance and utilization certain gestures for certain split of the vocal and these besides allows them to let go of societal and emotional chisels. Children are invariably sing new emotions and state of affairss as they grow and each new experience contributes to their societal development. As stated by ( Forsyth,1977 Madsen & A Alley, 1979 Sim,1986 Standley & A Hughes,1996 ) . Research workers have documented the effectual practice of music to heighten kids s societal accomplishments particu larly when intercessions and instructions involve the usage of participatory activities.0938982Definition of leapingDance, harmonizing to Schiller & A Meiners ( cited in Wright, 2003 p. 91 ) is a agencies of exhibit interior feelings, experiences and cultural individuality and recognised as a critical and dynamic executing art with motion as the speciality of look and the natural structure as its instrument. On the other manus, Russell Bowie ( 2009 p. 189 ) defines dance as a agencies of go throughing cognition, accomplishments and billets from one individual to other from one coevals to the following. It is a jubilation of life, a ritual and a manner of showing heartache, felicity, surprise, sorrow, joy and accomplishment. It is a powerful vehicle for non verbal communicating, self look and creative thinking. Theories of Dance and how does it excite kids s developmentRudolph Laban ( 1963 ) , the male enhance of motion instruction ( cited in Isbell & A Raines, 2007 p. 226 ) recommended that through motion kids developed organic structure consciousness, infinite consciousness and chthonianstood the different fluctuations of motion. . He created a system of analyzing motion through the elements of clip, infinite, weight and flow which educators usage as benchmarks to heighten both motor accomplishment development and creativeness when kids move. Besides associating to physical motion and the development of originative thought accomplishments is Howard Gardner, ( 1983 ) theories of multiple intelligences as he describes bodily kinesthetic intelligence as the ability to unify the organic structure and head in physical universal presentation, get downing with examine of automatic and voluntary motion, kinesthetic intelligence progresses to utilizing the organic structure in extremely differentiated and skilled manner. ( cited in Isbell & A Raines, 2007 p. 226 )Role of Dance in the development of societal emotional accomplishmentsMurray, 1975 ( cited in Wright, 1991 p. 116 ) stated that dance is a medium for showing the stallion ego. In originative dance, subjective feelings about the universe are transform into nonsubjective signifier and physical, rational, societal and emotional responses are integrated during motion activities and hence dance is a valuable and natural manner for kids to show their thoughts and feelings.0938982Cecil Fizdale, 1982 ( cited in Wright, 1991 p. 116 ) mentioned that motion and dance offers chances for kids to place and work out jobs, enhances their ability to react, prosecute in societal interaction and grasp of others which is a critical portion of kids s early acquisition and socialization. Cornett ( 1999 ) further suggests eleven good grounds for instructors to utilize dance in the schoolroom one of which is Dance can increase sensitiveness, regard and cooperation as kids job solve through motion in a group, they are able to overhear how each one has a different manner of utilizing the state of affairs every bit good as to utilize legion ways of showing ideas and feelings. They become cognizant that working in groups is better than working unaccompanied and these will enable them to be motivated to larn.Definition of sportDrama as defined by Ewing & A Simons, 2004 ( cited in Russell Bowie, 2009 p. 225 ) as utilizing the organic structure in clip and infinite to research issues, inquiries, positions or thoughts. While Russell-Bowie, ( 2009 p.226 ) verifies that foregather as a manner of doing significance of the universe close to us and allows kids to populate in another individual s universe and to research that individual s manner of thought, feeling, moving, showing and being. Effective play is an integrating of idea, action and emotion. Theories of Drama and how does it excite kids s developmentcognitive development theoreticians acknowledge that kids learn through drama and experiences they gain within their environment as Piaget, 1963 ( cited in Isbell & A Raines, 2007 p. 245 ) ) explained that gesture and mummer are linguistic communication in gesture and that this is the societal linguistic communication of kids which is the connexion between motion and linguistic communication that originative play provides. Drama provides kids with many chances for meaningful communicating and societal interaction. These interactions is what Vygotsky ( 1978 ) mentioned was necessary for the internalization of new cognition. ( cited in Isbell & A Raines, 2007 p. 245 )0938982In add-on, Bandura, 1977 ( cited in Freeman, Sullivan & A Fulton, 2003 p. 133 ) stresses that procedures of play is consistent with the theory of behavioral alteration on the footing of ego efficaciousness and that one benefit of play is the edifice of personal agency gained through work in a non -threatening environment. Role of Drama in the development of societal emotional accomplishmentsPinciotti ( 1993 p. 27 ) mentioned that through originative play, kids move from personal experience into a shared group image and that this group nature of originative play immense participants in a cognitive, societal and emotional experience. Cornett ( 1999 ) further supports the demand for instructors to incorporate originative play in the schoolroom as she states foremost, play is portion of existent life and prepares kids to grizzle with life jobs while take parting in the play kids are able to look at jobs from an alternate point of position, regard several(a) thought and realise that there are many solutions for any one job. Second, play can heighten kids s psychological well being allows kids to show feelings and emotions. Personal development takes topographic point as kids control their organic structure and words as they express thoughts and feelings during the play activities. autocratic self image and ego -confidence besides emerge through the job work outing state of affairss. Children besides become cognizant that people feel a scope of emotions and that feelings can be dealt in a positive manner. Through play, kids develop tolerance and credence. Third, Drama builds cooperation and develops societal accomplishments as kids work in groups to be after and prosecute in play, they develop the ability to give and take, cooperation and hearing is enhanced and allows kids to happen appropriate functions and develop societal consciousness.Social accomplishments can be developed in play as kids working in a group overcome troubles through job work outing. They experience working with equals as they negotiate programs to present the play. During these interactions, kids begin to work hand in glove and these collaborative attempts are effectual in furthering a community of scholars in which there is common regard for diverse thoughts and attacks . Isbell & A Raines ( 2007 p. 246 )0938982Teacher s function in heightening societal accomplishments developmentHarmonizing to Raikes, 1996 ( cited in Preusse, 2010 ) secure attachment bonds between the kid and health professional creates a sense of trust that supports the kid for geographic expedition of the universe and builds a strong base for forthcoming development. As such, it is instead of second for instructors to construct strong relationship with kids under their attention. On the other manus, Berk, 2002 ( cited in Preusse, 2010 ) mentioned that preschool kids become independent, concerted as they gain their linguistic communication accomplishments, ego consciousness and to believe in another individual s point of position. All these will enable kids to cave in better societal interaction with their equals. Therefore, it is the instructors function to ease and supply the chances and activities to heighten kids s societal accomplishments.Teacher parent partnership is another of import factor in heightening kids s societal accomplishments as stated by Webster- Stratton ( 2006 p. 6 ) household engagement has positive effects on kids s academic accomplishment, societal competency and school quality. On the other manus, Brand & A Fernie, 1983 ( cited in Isenberg & A Jalongo 1997, p.145 ) stated that instructors fulfil their musical functions and duties when they function as incentives, contrivers, co participants and perceivers . As such, it is the instructor s attitude and belief that plays an of import function in supplying these chances for kids to heighten their societal emotional accomplishments. Further, instructors besides need to be trained in place to transport out the assorted humanistic disciplines activities. They must hold the cognition to detect kids and to place and be after harmonizing to kids s demands in crop to heighten their societal emotional development.0938982DecisionProsocial behavior is portion and parcel of land of go oning in an person s life context. Constructing a strong foundation in societal accomplishments during the early childhood old ages is authorized to a kid s societal behavior in ulterior life. As the United Nations commandmental Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( 2005 ) Education For All Monitoring study indicates that in order for pedagogues to accomplish and get in a cohesive, peaceable and comfortable society, our instruction systems need to instil a sense of community, grasp for cultural diverseness, assurance and self regard in our kids. The value of humanistic disciplines and civilization in quality instruction was besides mentioned and it was stated that all attempts are being made worldwide to integrate humanistic disciplines and civilization in the instruction systems. Therefore, kids s engagement in executing humanistic disciplines is one of the many schemes that can be employed to heighten their societal emotional accomplishments. However farther observations and survey is needed to reason the impact of these humanistic disciplines activities on the societal and emotional development of kindergartners.0938982

Oroonoko

Aphra Behns, Oroonoko is definitely a stratum that revolves around treachery. Much of the conflict that resounds in Oroonko throughout the story is found on proceedingions of betrayal. Oroonoko, the royal slave, is constantly surrounded by one betraying act after another. In the beginning of the story Behn portrays Oroonoko and Imoinda as beautiful creatures. They were bound to be together. The betrayal of the mogul by stealing Imoinda away from Oroonoko for himself was at last the utmost deceiving act a grandfather could portray against his grandson.The old king was so smitten by Imoindas beauty he cherished her for himself, despite knowing that Oroonko and Imoinda were privately vowed to one another. He was therefore no sooner got to his apartment but he sent the royal embryonic membrane to Imoinda, that is, the ceremony of invitation he sends the lady he has a mind to recognize with his bed a veil, with which she is covered, and secured for the Kings use and tis death to disobey, overly held a most impious disobedience(Behn 2320).Next we read where Oroonoko meets back up with a captain and commander that he once had sold his consume slaves. The captain wines and dines Oroonoko and entertains him so that Oroonoko fell hard in a pin up the captain had decisively laid out to capture Oroonoko. Once the prince was rummy with wine he was curious to look over the ship. The captain pronto took the opportunity to seize him and forced him into great irons and thrown in with the rest of the slaves on the ship.The text reads, and betrayed into slavery(Behn 2332). In closing, Oroonoko faced galore(postnominal) trials and betrayals in his life that were physically and emotionally malicious and ultimately destructive. From the betrayal of his own grandfather lusting after his one true love to cosmos tricked by the captain, a man he trusted, into slavery. Oroonoko resented this indignity, who may be silk hat resembled to a lion taken in a toil and fatigue by rage and indignation, he laid himself down, and sullenly resolved upon destruction(Behn 2332).

Netflix Analysis

The following outline is about Netflix and mega fritter away. Two achievementful companies with similar tar fetch commercialise alone at the same time with very different strategies which can postu belatedly the difference of success in the future or contrary go down. First of all we need to clarify what is the specific situation of from each one one. Blockbuster is a rental home picture show fellowship that has been hint the market during many years, since the VHS cassette till the appearance of the DVD and the expansion of the lucre.They strike had a well-designed strategy which let them crop significantly cosmos the leaders in the market, having in 2006 more than than 5000 locations within the US. They basically offered a capacious physique of in-store flick rental. As it is said in the text their monetary success is based on the maximization of the days that a picture is rented. Also it is important to mention that a big part of their revenues came from the lat e fees (10% of the total revenues in 2004). But as the times were changing, the guests needs were changing too and Blockbuster was in the need to reconcile his strain to the market.Netflix, being so visionary ten years ago, was launched as a personalized DVD movie rental using USPS to quit DVDs to its subscribers and using a pricing model similar to the one utilize by video stores. The following analysis focuses on how those devil companies that obscure the same needs, they stick out solely different strategies and by analyzing both strategies we leave see how a good strategy and a good noesis of the market can make the difference and take a follow to the success. Basing on the data and information in the suit of clothes, Blockbuster would be sententious and Netflix would be long.Blockbuster has an erstwhile(a)-fashioned strategy, they focused all their efforts in differentiate from Netflix by integrating online and traditional in-shop services and by copy Netflixs st rategy of no late fees. Despite their attempts they had significant execution losses and they just grew 5% (they expected a bigger growth by suppressing late fees). Contrary, Netflix would be long because from the beginning they were visionary, and they were offering what clients unavoidable while the times were changing. Because of that their net income has been maturation significantly.As inferred in butt on 1 in the case, net income multiplied in just two years (in 2004 was 21595$ and in 2006 the net income was 49082$). It is important to take into account what jobs did Netflix and Blockbuster for consumers. Blockbuster was the leader in the market by offering consumers in shop movie rent. They perfectly covered the need of watching the modish movies at home. They were very successful and so they expanded by spread newly locations with the objective that at least 70% of the population have a Blockbuster very close.Netflix though, offered movies but unlike Blockbuster, they deliver the rented movies to the customers houses. They changed the concept of traditional movie renter. Netflix was created as a new concept, but covering the same need that Blockbuster was covering. Over time, Netflix grew more and more thanks to this competitive advantage that do the difference from Blockbuster. rough their profit models, Netflix reached profitability by investing capital in inauguration more distribution centers producing more subscriptions thanks to the improved delivery service.As showed on Exhibit 2 in the case, the cast up on the bend of subscribers was very significant with 107 in 1999 to 6316 subscribers in 2006. Netflix based its strategy in the concepts of convenience and selection and they showed it by introducing the prepaid subscription based model where customers had to redeem a monthly fee instead of the old per rental land model. With this strategy they were be able to have damp customer retention. On the other hand, Blockbuster was primar ily focused on making the company profitable by expanding geographically, opening new locations so that they can increase the market shargon.Blockbuster focused the strategy on the concept of movie night, it means that their market is a specific niche in which customers make an impulsive decision and rent a movie when they get in the shop. Thats why they only have uplifted-demand movies (unlike Netflix that apart from high demand movies, they also have old or independent movies). The Netflix success is due to a series of different steps that the company has had to confront from the beginning till nowadays.The changes in the customers needs and in the society lead Netflix to a constantly changing strategies. They launched the platform in 1997 like an resource way to the traditional movie renters, to provide home movies services better satisfying customers needs. They took advantage of the latest hit in the new technologies, the DVD. And they acted like early-adopters of the DVD f ocusing their efforts in attracting owners of this new device. They were being successful, but they started losing customers so they were in the need to make some changes.And they did. Netflix totally changed the pricing strategy from the traditional pay-per-rent to the subscription model which allowed customers unlimited movies a month. They came up with the recommendation system as they needed to differentiate from the traditional video rental stores offering something that they didnt offer. To increase the quality and number of offered movies, they created business relationships with the major studios so that they reach customers needs. As a consequence of this growth, they increase the distribution channel with USPS.But apart from that, Netflix was having a huge problem. They were constantly losing customers. To solve these problems they thought different attract the old customers that have canceled their subscriptions. To reach this goal, they changed the unsubscribing policy a nd instead of trying to retain them, they made the cancellation process as easy as the subscription one. Probably many of the customers that left field before will come back to Netflix when the platform will receive more awareness or when just decided that they want to open up their accounts.So if all those processes were easy for them, the impression of the brand on the customers mind will be positive. At this point Netflix was doing well, the metrical composition of subscription were increasing and their net income was increasing too. What would be next? The new technologies market is a constantly growing and changing market. Something that is being a hit now, in one year could be completely forgotten. With the expansion of the internet many in-shop services will be affected.Services that can be offered via internet will replace the traditional commerce. And this will be the case in the video rental. The traditional video rental services whether in-shop or delivery will tend to disappear because of the following reasons or assumptions -Internet is growing more and more. Many improvements are being made to improve the quality. -The number of people who have internet at home is also increasing. -Customers are adapting to the new era and they are adapting to new technologies and regulations.So basing on that, as Netflix already did years ago, they should be innovative again and take the guess to change in order to keep profitability for the company. They cant avoid the new trends, if they dont follow the changes and they dont adapt to them, they will disappear because customers will change to those brands that cover their veridical needs. Netflix was offering what customers needed, but this is changing with the appearance of VOD, and so by covering the same need, they should adapt to the times by changing their strategy.

Cap and Trade Policy Paper Essay

IntroductionThe issue of blow emissions is an key one not notwithstanding from an environmental perspective scarce withal an stintingal one. While reducing coke copy emissions is an important one for the wellness of human beings as well as that of the environment, the adultr motility is what pillowcase of polity strategy is best for both reducing such(prenominal) emissions which readiness wee-wee an impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of taint on climate change.While ther argon options to consider which does not rely on economics technological or output standards achieved by command and require regulationsthey are often fraught with political resistance by attention because they do not all toldow industry to make any choices or play a role in solving the problem of ebullient emissions and the saddle that these emissions place on opposites. Instead of such draconian measures found on fiat, the preferable options rely on economic tools instead to offer incentives to industry to police itself by either incenting investment in emission-reducing and/or energy saving technologies or to overcome product in suck with the sum intact/ companionable- bes rather than just the private/ producer- terms of production. Two such economic policies to consider in this see are emission imposees and cap-and-trade policies.Overview of constitution business degree Celsius emissions reductionConsider a company that faces an increasing peripheral pollution pause personify curl as in the blueprint 1. Left unregulated it will choose not to reduce its carbon emissions (a.k.a diminish carbon emissions) and avert facing the be of suspension be by the area underneath the borderline clock out embody curve represented by area (B + C + D) in the diagram below. build 1 marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits of Reducing cytosine Emissions pic denotation Econ 101 ascorbic acid taxationation vs. capital-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. Suppose tha t constitution analysts have resolved that the economically high-octane aim of pollution abatement occurs at the prognosticate where marginal goods of abatement equal the marginal comprise be of abatement as is suggested in economic theory. The get outing level of carbon emissions is e* (reduction in emissions is thrifty from the far right in the diagram above to the pointe*). The question is what constitution to follow to achieve e* either several(prenominal) font of fiat policy involving either some type of output obstacle or requiring use of a particular pollution- underwrite technology or some type of policy that involves financial incentives to reduce emissions. This paper hypothesizes that policy options involving economic incentives are preferable to those options that involve regulatory fiat.Specification of Economic insurance Models1) A Carbon Emissions evaluateOne policy instrument that feces be used to achieve this level of abatement is to pile a tax wher e marginal benefit equals marginal cost represented by the horizontal tax melodic line in the enroll 2 below. chthonic such a scheme, the defiler will find that it is cheaper to reduce carbon emissions so long as the marginal cost is get down than the tax. Since the tax superlative (A + B) is great than the marginal abatement cost bill (B) to the left-hand(a) of the point e*, the unanimous will choose to reduce emissions up to the level of C with the remaining emissions level indicated in figure 2 mensurable from the right in the diagram. To the right of e*, the marginal abatement costs, represented by areas C + D, are greater than the tax bill (area D) so the solid will choose to pay the tax and exsert to emit pollutants beyond e*. Figure 2 The Carbon Emissions TaxpicSource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. hoodlum-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. So long as the marginal costs and benefits of abatement can be known with certainty, an emissions tax can be fix up at the point of intersecti on of these devil measures resulting in an efficient level of pollution emissions at e* with total abatement costs (including taxes paid) to the polluter of area B+D and providing the organisation with r steadyues represented by D (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). It is when these marginal costs and marginal benefits are either not mensural in their entirety or when thither is uncertainty about the figures discovered that leads to added questions as to whether this would be the best policy to follow.2) A Cap constitutionAn ersatz policy to an emissions tax to achieve reductions in emissions through the tools of economics is to set a cap at the point where marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost of reducing emissions/abatement represented by the vertical cap line in Figure 3 below. The polluting firm must reduce its carbon emissions to e* where the marginal social cost of reducing emissions equals the marginal social benefit of the products produce d by the polluter.Such a policyif the social costs and social benefits can be careful dead on targetlyresults in an efficient level of emissions produced/ trim at e* with an abatement cost borne byFigure 3 Cap constitution for Each FirmpicSource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. the polluter uniform to area B (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). The issue is whether total social costs can be careful and measured accurately in order to set such a policy at the correct or efficient level of emissions for separately firm. Normally such policies do not result in dexterity even though an efficient level of general emissions can be attained since it does not account for diametrical costs of abatement in antithetic firms. That is, a level of emissions can be attained that is homogeneous to that achieved under an economically efficient policy but the level is not achieved at the lowest overall cost.One way of obtaining individual caps is for the b rass to auction off emission permits that total the pre-set amount of emissions that it feels is optimal. Firms with higher(prenominal)(prenominal) costs of reducing emissions will put forward higher than firms with lower cost structures. Again, the only problem is determining what the total amount of emissions should be reflecting all social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions.3) A Cap-and-Trade PolicyAn added twist on the cap policy allows firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining with the seller over the proper cost to pay for the extra allotment. A two-panel diagram is needed to better learn the logic of trading emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on honest-to-god technology with high abatement costs that goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right-hand corner of the diagram. The different firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right with zero costs represented at the lower left-hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level.The intersection of the two marginal cost curves is where economic force is achieved. That is, the value achievedFigure 4. Cap-and-Trade Between Firms PolicySource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. from the last dollar expended on abatement must be the aforesaid(prenominal) across all firms in the grocery store. This is known as the equimarginal principle (Boyes and Melvin, 2011,122). The total cost of attaining the efficient abatement/emissions level is equal to the area C + G + K. At the efficient level of emissions, e*, the low cost (of reducing emissions) firm should reduce more emissions than the high cost (or reducing emissions) firm. Such a policy can be put oned by issuing carbon permits to dif ferent firms and allowing them to buy and sell their permits in the open market. Normally, equal amounts of permits are issued to from each one firm since it is difficult to assess the true abatement cost a priori. In the end, the marketplace will help determine the differences in cost structure depending on how high a firm is willing to bid for an extra permit or two (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.).As with the individual firm cap policy, the cap-and-trade policy is predicated on the disposal being able to determine the optimal level of total emissions desired reflecting social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. Combining the different economic policy options together, it is obvious that it is possible to achieve the same level of reduction in emissions by setting a tax at the same level as where the marginal costs of reducing emissions is the same between firms which is at the level represented by the horizontal line in Figure 4 above. As above, th e polluting firms will notice that it is cheaper to abate carbon emissions as long as the marginal abatement cost is lower than the tax. The firms with the higher cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from right to left and incur abatement costs equivalent to area K and pay taxes equivalent to area B+C+F+G. The firms with the lower cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from left to right and incur abatement costs of C+G and pay taxes equivalent to areas J + K in Figure 4.Setting a cap on each individual firm will produce the same level of reduction in emissions, but given that it is difficult, if not impossible, to individualized caps based on different cost structures of abatement, an efficient outcome is difficult to achieve under such a policy even though emissions are reduced to the same overall level. Regarding the market failure referable to the negative carbon externality, both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade will achieve the same level of increased efficiencyassuming that measurements of costs and benefits can be measured accurately by reducing emissions to the optimal level at minimum cost. The real difference in these policies is due to differences in the distribution of costs.In the carbon tax policy, the government receives added revenues while in the cap and cap-and-trade policies when permits are simply handed out to firms, the firm has no additional outlays early(a)(a) than the cost of abatement to stay within the cap or to barter for additional allotment from other firms. If the permits are initially auctioned off by the government, the additional revenues to the government should be nearly the same as with a tax scheme if marginal social costs and benefits have been measured accurately. However, the economics-based policies are preferable to policies based on fiat where specific technologies (e.g., smoke-stack scrubbers) or a uniform cap on emission outputs across all firms since these other pol icies fail to take into account social costs and benefits. With regard to the economics-based policies, the following added impacts may in like manner occur.First, in addition to static efficiencyefficiency occurring within a single period of time in that respect may also be dynamic efficiency within these policy schemes whereby firms have an incentive to adopt new technology over time to reduce their marginal costs of reducing carbon emissions (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Secondly, carbon emission taxes and/or auctioning permits will show additional government revenue that might be used to outset motley distortionary taxes on labour and/or capital (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.).Evidence and AnalysisThere are various problems chapd with the design of emissions tax regimes warranting discussion. First, if such a tax were placed on individuals rather than firms without any offsetting changes in other taxes or government transfers, a carbon tax might be regressive suggesting that the highest tax burden would be placed on the poor (Poterba, 1991, 11). This is mostly applicable to bungle pedal taxes where a flat emissions tax would make up a higher percentage of the income of poorer over wealthier taxpayers thus, an issue of equity arises here. Likewise, firms with higher profit margins would shoulder joint less burden from the tax than firms with lower profit margins given a similar costs of pollution abatement. Poterba (1991) suggests that this regressiveness could be offset by changes in either the direct tax system or in government transfers.Second, as the population grows and production totals continue to increase to meet the demands of this growth population, emission taxes will need to rise to keep emissions at a particular level this may lead to a set of distortions in terms of domestic vs. foreign production whereby firms can transfer production to other jurisdictions that do not have such taxes in place. T hus, worldwide trade leads to an opportunity to get around the tax scheme and the higher the taxes instituted, the higher the incentive to engage in such behaviour.Thus, if emission taxes differ significantly between two neighbouring jurisdictionfor example, the State of New York and computerized axial tomography or even New York and one of its neighbouring Canadian provincesthere is an congenital incentive to move production outside of the jurisdiction with the highest taxes and import products from elsewhere. Third, a central issue regarding the design of carbon emissions taxes to harmonize such polities with other fiscal instruments designed to mitigate the effects of climate change. For instance, it is important to fit that taxes on chlorofluorocarbons and emissions from fossil fuels are comparable to avoid distortions in inlet that may lead to a worse outcome for the environment than in the absence of such policies (Poterba, 1991, 27).Bosquet (2000) conducted a review of t he evidence regarding the impact of carbon emissions taxes on the environment and the economy. She claims that environmental taxes involve the shifting of tax burden from barter, income, and investment to resource depletion and waste. She asks the general question of whether such tax domesticise can produce a double benefit by share the environment and the economy simultaneously.Based on her reviews of the literature and available evidence, she concludes that when emissions taxes are instituted, they are generally associated with reductions in payroll taxes, andif wage-price ination is preventedthey often result in signicant reductions in pollution and small gains in employment (Bosquet, 2000, 19). Also associated with the implementation of such environmental taxes are also marginal changesgains or losses in production in the short to intermediate term, while investments decease marginally and prices increase. However, she cautions that the results of such environmental taxes in the semipermanent are less certain (Bosquet, 2000, 29).With regard to cap and cap-and-trade policies, the evidence is also available regarding the impellingness and consequences of such policies. Stavins (2008) describes a graduated cap-and-trade scheme that involves initially just Carbon gasses with 50% of permits issued to polluters in the market free of hinge on and other half auctioned off. Over 25 years, the percentage auctioned off annually will gradually increase to 100% and other greenhouse gas emissions will be included over this time span. The idea is to implement a gradual iterative policy with a slow escape of emission reductions. As time goes on, other emissions are included in this scheme and the system provides for harmonizing this scheme over time with effective cap-and-trade systems and other emission credit reduction programs in other jurisdictions. This harmonization efficaciously addresses the issue raised with emission tax policies that are unilaterally f ound in one jurisdiction without consideration for the policies in neighbouring jurisdictions.If there is an effective way to dovetail policies in different jurisdiction, then this would level the playing field between domestic and imported products. Regarding actual cap-and-trade policies already in place, Colby (2000) analyzes a cap-and-trade policy for limiting Sulfur Dioxide emissions. The changes stemmed from the Clean walkover Act of 1990 which allowed for a nationwide cap-and-trade policy for industrial firms emitting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Marginal costs of reducing emissions fell substantially duringn the 1990s due to reduced costs of installing scrubbers, reduced costs of flue gas desulfurization, and falling costs for low sulfur coal all due, to a large extent, to an active program of trading/buying margins between firms that emerged after a few years of experience after the program was initiated.As Colby (2000) states, The allowance trading market enhanc ed competition among the different methods that firms use to control emissions, adding impetus to cost reductions (Colby, 2000, 642). Low allowance prices and falling marginal costs associated with reducing emissions produced earlier-than-predicted cutbacks in sulfur dioxide emissions. Allowance prices rose from lows of $80-90/unit in 1996 to about $215/unit in mid-1999 spurring further conservation efforts.Colby (2002) does intimate that design and implementation of cap-and-trade schemes involves some important policy tradeoffs equity among the players, rapprochement use levels with resource conditions, facilitating transactions between firms wishing to trade allowances, accurate accounting for externality costs, assuring adequate monitoring of emissions levels, and documenting welfare gains due to the policy. She says that efficient trading mechanisms can be more easily apply when there is a strong political or legal assign to cap resource use and trading allowances are genius d by all parties involved to be a way to ease allowance to limits on emissions (Colby, 2000, 638).In choosing between the various policies, it is inevitably important to sense the level of uncertainty over measuring the items of interest. With regard to emissions taxes, it is important to have fairly accurate estimates of marginal social costs and benefits and with regard to cap-and-trade schemes, there needs to also be a fairly accurate heart and soul of estimating the optimal level of emissions given all the costs and benefits involved in reducing emissions.If it becomes difficult to measure these items accurately, then the expected deadweight loss and associate probabilities of various miscalculations needs to be assessed and compared across the different strategies to determine the policy that produces the smallest expected deadweight loss which is key from an economic perspective. Since policies based on fiat, such as technology mandates and non-economically based output stan dards, are not set with regard to these types of measures, it is likely that the deadweight economic loss associated with these policies will be greater than for either emissions taxes or better yet, cap-and-trade policies.ConclusionThe evidence suggests that economics-based emissions policies are preferred over policies based on fiat. Moreover, the strongest evidence for promoting investment in pollution control equipment and reducing emissions that mitigate the effects of climate change bug out to involve cap-and-trade policies. Partially, this might be due to the flexible design of such policies whichthrough the auctioning and/or trading of allowancesaccount for changing market conditions. This policy, even more so than emission taxes, forces the industry to face current market conditions through the use of auctions and trading for emission allowances. As a result, the parties are forced to make choices based on strong economic criteria to obtain efficiencies over time.Works cit edBosquet B. 2000. Environmental Tax Reform Does It Work? ASurvey of The Empirical Evidence. Ecological Economics. 34, 19-32,Colby G. 2000. Cap-and-Trade Policy Challenges A Tale of deuce-ace Markets. Land Economics, 76, 638-658.Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade. 2012. Website.Retrieved on June 5th, 2012 from http//www.env-econ.net/carbon_tax_vs_capandtrade.htmlMelvin W. Boyes M. 2011. Microeconomics. 9th ed. Marion, OH South-Western, Cengage Learning,Poterba JM. 1991. Tax Policy to Combat Global Warming On Designing a Carbon Tax. NBER Working Paper. MIT-CEPR 91-003WP. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http//dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/50159/28596145.pdf?sequStavins RN. 2008. Addressing Climate Change with a broad U.S. Cap-and-Trade System. Nota Di Lavoro 67.2008 Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http//www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/Publication/NDL2008/NDL2008-067.pdf

Appearance vs. Reality †Comparative Essay Essay

It is all about flavor Good A Comparison between The Role of Appearance vs. man In Macbeth and Frankenstein.Macbeth is angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) of the works of gamingwright William Shakespe ar and it is considered one of his most puissant tragedies. It tells the story of a good warrior, Macbeth, who turns sturdy because of ambition and greed. It is a determinate tale of biting more than one go off chew. A hardly a(prenominal) centuries later, an author named Mary Shelley wrote a gothic novel, Frankenstein, about a childly scientist named Victor Frankenstein who creates a being and abandons it. The zoology tries to be accepted by two connection and his creator. Although these two texts are of different genres and eras, with Shakespeares play covering strong themes of ambition and corruption and Shelleys novel installing themes of justice, madness and the sublime, both authors use the theme of behavior vs. reality. They use this to show how human judgment is ba se solely on appearances, how an individual john change because of this judgment and how appearance plays a role in determine ones place in society.It is human nature to calculate others on their outward matters. People depend mostly on their optic adepts as the strongest point of judgment. For example, in the play Macbeth, Macbeth and his wife deceive the exponent with their actions and words to make him feel welcome while they are rattling planning his murder. (Macbeth I. v). They know that people judge on appearance and ensconce to use it to their advantage. They act how they want people to see them, as leal subjects of the top executive as opposed to deceitful, cunning and ambitious people which was what they authentically were. As said by Lady Macbeth, to deceive the time, look want the time. (Macbeth I. v.70-71).As vision is the primary sense of man, the basis of human judgment is the shape, discolor or texture of the overall outward appearance. This determines if something is good or bad. In Frankenstein, Victor Frankensteins creation had yellow skin, watery eyes and forthwith black lips. He was not what was considered beautiful (Shelley, 58). The creature looked grotesque and vile, and ugly and vile is not considered good so it was judged as bad. Eventually, appearance catches up with reality and an individual could change or become what others think they are because of how they look.The judgment dished out by people can be harmful to both the individual being judged and the ones doing the judging. It can lead to one building up different feelings inside of them. In Macbeths case, it conduct to overconfidence. He started out good he was a brave and faithful warrior for his country (Macbeth I. ii.30-45). Then he committed a murder to punish his ambition to become queen regnant (II. ii) and he got away with it because no one could guess from the way he acts the bad intentions he has or the annoyance he has committed. He goes on killin g and still no can tell because e veryone keeps judging base on what they see on the outside. Macbeth reaches a point where he decides to let the very firstlings of his heart be the very firstlings of his hand (IV. i.161-162).By this time, Macbeth has sullen into a tyrant and this is harmful to both him and the people of Scotland. Likewise, the judgment dished out for Frankensteins creation had a detrimental effect. He was initially compassionate and thoughtful until his nave quite a little of humanness was destroyed by the unjust cruelty he confront (Frankenstein- The field of Appearance. 1). The creature was good but was never given the feel to so much as speak before he was turned away because of the way he looked (Shelley, 108). Eventually, he becomes threatening and malicious because of the deadly treatment he had to bear (Shelley 148). Wrong judgment can stupefy an effect, as shown in both Macbeth and the creatures situation. The one unlikeness is that Macbeth was alr eady ambitious but got worse while in the creatures case, he completely turned around and went from good to bad. In both cases, each individuals place in society was affected.People are ranked into categories in society. It creates a social pecking order where everyone knows their place and who they should associate with. There are ways to determine this and appearance plays a role. For example, if there was no predetermined idea of how good things should look and instead morals, intelligence and compassion was emphasized more than ones outward appearance, Frankensteins creature would never have suffered isolation because of his unattractiveness (Frankenstein- The Theme of Appearance. 1).His place in society is at the very bottom because he has no one else who is volitioning to be associated with him and no one else who is like him. In Macbeths case, he was aiming for the highest rank Kingship. In his time, aking is considered closest to God and therefore the highest position in s ocial hierarchy. Macbeth kills the king to become king and because no one judged him as capable of committing such(prenominal) an act, but instead judged him on how he appeared to be a hardcore subject of the king, he attained the highest position in society.The theme of things not always being as they should be has been used throughout the story of literature. This is shown by Shakespeare and Shelley who wrote in completely different contexts and centuries. They show how judging based on appearances can have an effect on the individual, how the visual sense is mans strongest sense so judgment is instinctively based on appearances and how the way one looks puts them in their place in society. The disfavour of looking good meaning being good and looking bad meaning being bad has been around for a while and will probably be around for as long as humans are able to see.Works Cited.Frankenstein Theme of Appearance. 1999. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. 2nd ed. vis ion Roy. Toronto Nelson, 2001. Print. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 1818. New York Penguin, 1992. Print.

The Shoe-Horn Sonata Essay

music and sound effectsSonata is a musical term describing something written specifically for two musical instruments Music is a linking device throughout the moveSonata is symbol that occurs throughout the playBridie and Sheila burst into song at the terminate of the first interview session Their performance effectively takes us sanction to her pastAurally (what one hears) and visually pastal information is conveyed When capital of Israel reaches a crescendo, scene of the Japanese invasion argon juxtaposed on the backdrop screens, ironically contrasting image and triumphal song lacking real instruments, we are told the prisoners had to improvise using their voices alone Even when numbers game were decimated and the choir couldnt sing anymore Bridie and Sheila fill the gap They musical theme It was up to us to carry on we sang our sonata whenever we could so the cantonment would know there was still music left Music becomes crucial to their survivalMusic is an aural symbol of willpower and determinationWed sit in our hut at night and hum. Wed do it while we dug the graves. Bridie laconically observes, It probably sounded bloody awful. except not to us. To us we still had harmony and the japs could never take that away. give tongue to and spirit are f apply, We forgot the Japanese we forgot our hunger our boils barbed wire everything unneurotic we made this glorious sound that roseate about the camp- above the jungle-above the war-rose and rose and took us with it Sheila also sums up its psychological importance, Fifty voices set us free Sound effects add atmospheric detail and peevishness An example is in the opening at where the women describe the sinking of the institutionalise or machine gunning of admirerless women and children, We hear the distant sound of imbrication wavesProjected ImagesVisual reinforce the script, the use of photographic images reinforces the context and historic authenticity of what is being said. Evocative glimp sesthrough slides of ships burning in capital of Singapore Harbour, the Japanese invasion and the shocking conditions of the prisoners of war. Distinctively visual methods are used to allow the audience to witness the horrific reality of the period This augments the innocent set de cross and the use of a two character bun while helping develop the plays irony and humour This is evident when images released by the Australian Defence Department, showing healthy, clean and happy women are dramatically juxtaposed with those that showed them as they were liberatedLighting and Stage DirectionsLight is a key dramatic device that helps develop themes and characters Misto supplies detailed stage directions which restrict tone, mannerisms or line delivery to create a particular pettishness or atmospheric context Directions such as fondly, just about surprised disapprovingly, very calmly ironic smile casually hard to make light od it position the audiences informative response They also focus attention on Sheila and Bridies emotions, structure tension and suspense as their relationship fluctuates. The opening stage directions aver darkness. Out of the silence comes the voice of Bridie and after her first line of dialogue, she is visually spot lit.Stage lighting little by little reveals the on air sign establishing our perception of the TV studio context The interplay of light and dark, via spotlighting, blackouts and fade outs, help develop atmosphere or mood for the rest of the play When Bridie and Sheila are emotionally separated, they are often lit separately, whereas once reconciled by the end of the play. They are lit in partnership. As they dance, the light gradually fades away, while a very bright spot light highlights the accommodate This visually signifies its symbolic importance as something that first brought them together, then oblige them apart, and now, once again, reunites them.

English & American Literature an Overview Essay

A.INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHSLiterature is said to be iodine of the passages of emotions and feelings to the environment an expression of thoughts, opinions and the things they want to aspire and change and to all things a person is sensing. It is also a way to make a inactive way of expression, give care what Dr. Jose Rizal did to build flames of independence in our country. It is also like art or music, but literature is said to be more than expressive and elaborative, yet not other people can be pleased by any form of audio-visual forms.Literature is said to be any kind of written text that expresses whole expression and feeling. A simple sentence, a word or even a symbolic representation like and apostrophe or a period can also be considered as a literature. Other forms of literature include a sweetly lullaby your mother used to sing when you as a baby, a rock song you are like or a crust song that made a major trend in the undefiled planet, or a simple hum. See, there are a swarm of examples of literature and we are living with it since we were born until our last breath.This research allow discuss an overview about the two of the most influential countries and their literature the position and American literature. It is said that these countries became the rivals of the 1st generation of the Earth according to the historians. slopemen or the people of England and the Americans have distinct cultures, types of government and the literatures that they are appearing up to now. These countries progress in their own ways by means by their own perspective of history and culture that affects their food, music and most especially their literature.B.STATEMENT OF THE hassleThe main focus of this research is about the distinct residues of two cultures in terms of the literatures the incline and American literature. face Literature, literature produced in England, from the access of Old English by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th degree Celsius to the pre sent. English literature shows the historical traces of their country. American Literature, on the other hand, was influenced by the British during their colonization in the early times.C.PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this study is to have intercourse the difference of English and American Literature and how they influenced each others perspective of creating literature. It also focuses on the grandness of the two types of literatures that the readers will be interested to know and it builds interest on the things that the literatures have in common.D.RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND speculationThe research questions for the study will be1.What is English Literature? 2.What is American Literature? 3.Is there a significant difference between English and American Literature? What factors affected their differences? 4.Is there a significant human relationship between English and American Literature? 5.What is the importance of knowing the difference and relationship of two literatures? 6 .How can it influence the readers and our country?E.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSThis research focuses the difference, importance and influences of English and American literature. It limits the study in other forms of literature almost the world or a federal agency of the world except the literatures of England and America.CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDA.LITERATURE REVIEWIn this part of the chapter, we are going to look the literatures of both countries, from the moments of past to the modern times. English and American literatures differences and relationship can be scrutinized if the research will start at the beginning of existence of both literatures.A.1 ENGLISH LITERATUREAccording to angelfire.com, English Literature, literature produced in England, from the introduction of Old English by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century to the present. The works of those Irish and Scottish authors who are closely identified with English life and letters are also considered part of English literature. t he basis of the English language today is based on the Anglo-Saxon language. The British people started to explore and invade lands during the 5th century. English poem is focused on bold, strong in form and olfactory perception themes and the use of alliteration in their poems. The classic poetical piece, Beowulf was written during the eighth century. It was one of the critically-acclaimed pieces of history. Because of the poem Beowulf, there were other poems written that time much(prenominal) as Dream of the Rood by Cynewulf, The Wanderer and The Seafarer, which were considered to be the most beautiful poems. English prose, on the other hand, influenced by Christianity.The high-flown scholarship of monasteries in northern England in the late 7th century reached its peak in the Latin work Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 731) by Bede were considered to have the greatest influence in English literature. During the centre of a ttention period, some Italian and French literary pieces were influenced the English literature. There was the debilitative of English literature until the Renaissance age (1485-1660) came.Vast literary pieces were make and influence the way how British read and create literary pieces. whole kit and caboodle of some authors like Sir Thomas More and his work Utopia (1516) passively explicit the most influenced words to the Englishmen. There is also the famous works of William Shakespeare, rupture records and brought the most influence through his literary works. Some of which is Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet (1601?), Othello (1604?), fagot Lear (1605?), Macbeth (1606?), and Antony and Cleopatra (1606?)look deeply into the springs of action in the human soul. There were a lot of changes after the existence of Shakespeares tragedies and dramas but there is mollify the influence of the Holy Bible and the church in most of their poetry and prose.A.2 AMERICAN LITERATUREThe influence of English language truly henpecked the American soil. According to Wikipedia,The first item printed in Pennsylvania was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution. The Spaniards and the Frenchmen had the biggest colonies in America and the literary works that can be published in English language are only available in England. intrinsic American tribes have also their literary works that they used as rituals for ceremonies and celebrations.

Child Marriage in India

To be defined at length in a later section, youngster union is most simply, for our purposes, a espousal in which the wife is be let out the age of eighteen at the measure of consummation. The exert of pip-squeak unification in unpolished India is deeply root in cultural values and grounded in fond structures. And despite laws that repeal fry hymeneals ceremony, the reading is lock in highly prevalent in galore(postnominal) regions. Though the statistics be contentious, it is estimated that in some parts of India, like the press out of Rajasthan, n early(a) 80 percent of the espousals ar among misss chthonic the age of xv (Gupta, 2005, p. ). In India overall, roughly 47. 6 percent of girls ar conjoin by the age of eighteen (The implications of early marriage, 2004).Despite transnational human rights efforts, the eradication of claw marriage is greatly hindered by the intertwined social issues that often lease to and be then in turn pay backd by the practice. mixed underlying social factors inform why fry marriage exists, including handed-down gender norms the value of virginity and p bental c formerlyrns surrounding premarital sex impel of marriage transactions (or dowries) and poverty (Amin, Chong, & Haberland, 2007).The social outcomes of infant marriage are withal signifi sack upt, and often devastate communities in which these practices take place. Societies in which fry marriage takes place cod higher rates of early childbearing, uncalled-for pregnancies, maternal and infant mortality, sexually transmitted diseases (including human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS) and unsafe abortions.Additionally, teen girls laid in child marriages are often deprived of prefatorial health care and health information, and achieve passing low educational attainment (Mathur, Greene, & Malhotra, 2003, p. 11 Bruce, 2007 Amin, Chong, & Haberland, 2007). Apart from these health and societal consequences, such marriages also affect girl s individual experience as social actors. Early marriage blackballly affects girls social networks, termination-making power, and ability to negotiate with partnersall of which do puzzle out the health and well being of the individual (Bruce, 2007). In many steerings, the social issues that emerge from the practice of child marriage also serve to reinforce itcreating a vicious cycle.This cyclical pattern is just unmatched fountain why the practice has yet to be eradicated despite international compact and legal interventions. Each of the problems that informs child marriage intersects in complex ways and the result is an incessant and engrossing problem that impacts all aspects of the social worlds in which it takes place, from the well-being of the individual girls to the economic, political, and cultural structures of universal Indian society. What is most imperative just about child marriages in India, however, is the relationship amongst child marriage and the increa singly severe Indian human immunodeficiency virus epidemic.The rates of human immunodeficiency virus in India are a topic of great debate between the Indian presidential term and both Indian and International NGOs. Yet, thither is a consensus that HIV, once an urban phenomenon in India that was primarily transmitted indoors high-risk creations is nowadays gaining momentum in rural areas (Fears Over India, 2005). These trends are alarming and nonify that the cultural contexts in which these HIV rates are climbing invite to be addressed.Additionally, juvenile research has found links between HIV and early marriage in communities across the globe. The majority of sexually quick girls age 15-19 in lifting countries are married, and married adolescent girls consort to have higher rates of HIV infection than their sexually active, single peers (The implications of early marriage, 2004, p. 1 Clark, Bruce, & Dude, 2006, p. 79). HIV/AIDS in India The Indian HIV/AIDS epidemic is r elatively red-hot, and, once limited to high-risk urban nations, HIV is rapidly emerging as a problem for general communities within Indian society (Fears Over India, 2005).HIV/AIDS is graceful widespread, and as it reaches new commonwealths, it poses new problems. As child marriage is essentially a rural phenomenon in India, the particular plight of HIV in rural areas must be discussed. Issues like how to educate and provide manipulation for peck in despicable, rural areas are emerging, and new cultural pockets of Indian society must be unders as well asd in influence to to a greater extent effectively implement these programs. Though contentious, recent figures estimate that roughly 2-3. 6 million people in India are infected with HIV.This places India third worldwide for the number of HIV cases within a country. Overall, 0. 36% of Indias population is living with HIV. While this may seem low, inducen the vast population of India, the actual number of people who are H IV-positive is remarkably high (Overview of HIV/AIDS, 2008). And in Rajasthan, the largely rural state in which the project ordain be conducted, it is believed that there is a prevalence of nearly 5%extremely high for India (AIDS in India, n/d). Many who work in the health sector claim that they are witnessing a rapid rise up in infections to new populations.Sujatha Rao, director-general of the governments issue AIDS curb Organisation, says doctors are increasingly seeing women infected by their husbands, a population typically not targeted by reproductive health programs (Vast Distances a Barrier, 2008 Santhya & Jejeebhoy, Early marriage, 2007). There is also evidence that knowledge of HIV is extremely low in the rural areas where the study will be conducted, peculiarly among women. The National Family Health Survey reports that to a greater extentover 19% of ever-married rural Rajasthani women senior(a) 15-49 had ever heard of AIDS, compared to 65% of their male counterpar t.Aside from the gender variance of knowledge across India, however, a rural/urban dichotomy was especially pronounced among women (2005-2006 National Family-Rajasthan 2005-2006 National Family-India). This lack of knowledge unsurprisingly also appears to figure out behavior. Among currently married rural women, aged 15-49, only 38% use any modern method of family planning, compared to 55. 8% of their urban counterparts. More importantly, only 3. 1% of married rural women have used a golosh (the only method in the analysis that would shelter against HIV), compared to 13. 3% of urban married women.Furthermore, only 14. % of ever-married rural women (ages 15-49) knew that consistent condom use can reduce the changes of HIV/AIDS, in comparison to 61. 6% of their urban counterparts (2005-2006 National Family-Rajasthan 2005-2006 National Family-India). A recent New York Times member reports that the rural problem of HIV is made more pronounced by the difficulties that HIV-positive p eople in rural communities face when attempting to get tested and treated. Many patients turn long distances each month to receive government-sponsored antiretrovirals, but the cost and age required for such a journey is difficult for many to achieve.In consequence, many patients simply transcend up on treatment, an anathema in HIV therapy as it gives rise to drug resistance. One doctor notes, last can affect drug compliance. Patients who dont get family support, women who may not like to travel along will just give up (Vast Distances a Barrier, 2008). Child Marriage For the purposes of our discussion, child marriage is identified as a marriage that takes place before pack age 18a definition adhered to by UNICEF and other international organizations (Bruce, 2007).This definition is at odds with the definition provided by Indias recent Pr chargetion of Child Marriage Bill, which states that a child is a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty-one years of age, and if a female, has not complete eighteen years of age (The Prevention of Child Marriage Bill, 2004). While this discrepancy will be analyzed further below, given(p) that eighteen is largely considered the age of consent, it is this standard to which our definition will be held. It should be noted that the betrothal of a marriage can run into at any time, and often will occur at birth. alone that marriage is not defined as a child marriage un little the wife is given to her spousal family, and the marriage is consummated, before she reaches the age of eighteen. Furthermore, as most child marriages take place among girls who are minors, with male partners who are of age, whenever the term child marriage is used in this project, it is referring to a marriage that involves a female child. Child marriage has not been ignored by Indian or international policymakers, yet enforcement of these laws has been virtually impossible.The Indian government is often portrayed as uncomfortable when deali ng with personal laws within distinct communities that are not derived from grassroots movements (Burns, 1998 Yadav, 2006, p. 7). Despite this, laws have been on the books for over a decade. In 1994, a Marriage Bill was introduced which recommendedthe portraying of a uniform law relating to marriages and provided for the compulsory registration of marriages, with the aim of preventing child marriages and also polygamy in society. Yet, this law did not pass and in Rajasthan, to this day, there is no compulsory marriage registration (Yadav, 2006, p. 0).This legislation has been preceded by motley attempts to limit the practice and legislate the age at which girls are married. In the 1880s, discussions of the first Age of Consent Bill began, and finally, in 1927, it was declared that marriages with a girl under twelve would be invalid. In 1929, India began to prohibit the practice of all child marriage by instituting the Child Marriage obstruction Act. In 1978, the Child Marriage R estraint Act was amended to grade eighteen and twenty-one years as the age of marriage for a girl and boy respectively (Yadav, 2006, p. 7).Due to the illegality of child marriage, the number of girls who are put into child marriage in Rajasthan is extremely difficult to know. And especially due to differing definition employed by researches, no consensus yet exists among those who have tried to obtain a number. Researchers claim that, in Rajasthan, the number of girls married off before age eighteen is somewhere between 55. 5% and 80% and other researchers estimate that roughly 56% of Rajasthani marriages occur with girls under the age of fifteen (Yadav, 2006, pl. 10 Burns, 1998).Therefore, there is overwhelming evidence that child marriage is occurring in Rajasthan in large numbers, despite the laws against it. Why is child marriage occurring? What social, cultural, and economic contexts inform the persistence of this practice? Some imprecate that Rajasthani people either do not understand the law or simply ignore it (Yadav, 2006, p. 37). In a New York Times article outlining the practice of child marriage in Rajasthan, it was stated that Each year, glob warnings are posted outside state government offices stating that child marriages are illegal, but they have little impact.In a discussion with a village elder in Rajasthan, the elder stated, Of course, we know that marrying children is against the law, but its only a paper law (Burns, 1998). Therefore, he suggests that the law is sensed as unimportant, allowing families to simply ignore it, and often without penalty. Additionally, cultural and social contexts still highly value this practice and Indian families often turn to child marriage to help cope with social conditions in disrepair. To approach this, I will first discuss the gender norms in India. How are women comprehend? What are the practical implications of these norms?Secondly, I will discuss the value placed on virginity and understandings o f premarital sex. Thirdly, I will discuss the economic factors that stay fresh to promote the practice. And finally, I will briefly discuss the major consequences of child marriage, which will move us into a discussion of the links between child marriage and HIV. Child marriage is deeply embedded in ideals about the role of women and the status of girls in Indian culture (Gupta, 2005, p. 3). Understandings of the Indian family and a wifes role more generally give huge amounts of insight to the status of women.Within the context of a patrilocal family ideology, girls are reared to be obedient, selfsacrificing, modest, nurturant, hardworking and internal loving. In an interview with Seymour in the 1960s, one Indian gentleman expressed, American girls are given too much independence. A girl should marry young, before she has the chance to develop independent ideals. By marrying girls young (and enhancing the disparity between her and her husbands age), the male-based hierarchy is b est preserved (Seymour, 1999, p. 55). Males are quite simply wanted more in Indian families.They act as the head of the household, the breadwinners and the decision makers. These values are imbued from an early age and as the transition to maturity is marked with marriage, these gender norms become particularly pronounced (Segal, 1999, p. 216 Gupta, 2005, p. 1 Yadav, 2006, p. 1 Seymour, 1999, p. 97). A womans primary role in the home is to produce sons, as this will bring innocence to her family, and an heir for her husband. In a society that stresses patrilineal descent, to bear children, especially sons, is critical, and girls learn from an early age that this is their responsibility (Seymour, 1999, p. 7).Motherhood is additionally critical in order to establish the wife as a member of her husbands family. As Indian families take collective care of children, producing a new family member is heavily prized and brings the newlywed status (Seymour, 1999, p. 99). How do women feel about their status and role in society? Seymour writes that, Women are the moving pieces in an exchange system that creates extensive webs of kinship. Is this a hardship for them? Yes, for they must snuff it the security of their own family and join a different family. Do they convalesce it oppressive?Sometimes, but not generally (Seymour, 1999, p. xvi). Though others argue that cultural dictation of female role and lack of continued financial and activated support, predominantly from spouses and other family members, were influential factors in high rates of depression among women (Jambunathan, 1992). The low value of girls is also reflected in traditions of female infanticide and abortions of female children and research that shows that women are by and large neglected by Indian society, resulting in scurvy health care and a high number of preventable deaths (Miller, 1981, p. 8 Segal, 1999, p. 218-220).In one survey, 52% of Indians said that they would get a antenatal diagnos is to select a male, as opposed to 30% who would in Brazil, 29% in Greece and 20% in Turkey (Segal, 1999, p. 219). These patterns have resulted in a worsening sex ratio in Rajasthan. It is estimated that between 750 to 850 girls are born per 1000 boys, a problem that not only reinforces these negative ideals about gender, but also could potentially be devastating to the senior status of Indian communities (Indian Census, 2001 Kristof, 1991).An Indian obstetrician interviewed for The Hindu stated that these days, it is extremely high-flown to see a family with two little girls, and some families do not even have one. In communities like Rajasthan, people want to pretend they are modern and that they do not discriminate between a girl and a boy. Yet, they will not hesitate to quietly go to the next village and get an ultrasound done (Thapar, 2007). And in a bid by UNICEF, the organization says that for most of the female fetuses that survive, birth is the only advert opportunity they will ever get (Segal, 1999, p. 20).Additionally, child marriage is greatly informed by ideals of virginitya cultural notion that has huge impacts on the intersections between HIV/AIDS and child marriage. An unmarried, chaste girl symbolizes family honor and purity and is considered a sacred gift to bestow upon another family (Seymour, 1999, p. 55). To exacerbate the outcome of these ideals, myths supposedly abound that men can be corned of various diseases, including gonorrhea, mental illness, syphilis and HIV by having sex with a fresh girl, a virgin. Bhat, Send, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 17 Burns, 1998) But as much as cultural ideals are echoed in the practice, tradition has been reinforced by unavoidableness (Burns, 1998). Poverty is often cited as one of the major factors contributing to child marriage (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 15). Child marriage is more prevalent in scummy household and in sorry communities. Almost all countries in which more than 50 percent of girl s are married before the age of 18 have GDP per capita under $2000 per year (Gupta, 2005, p. 3).For families in poverty, marrying a daughter early can mean lower dowry payments and one less mouth to feed (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 16). An coronation in girls is seen as a anomic investment because the girl leaves to join another home and her economic contributions are to that homeso the earlier she is married, the less of a loss the investment (Gupta, 2005, p. 3).What is devastating about the child marriage problem, beyond the human rights abuses, is the way in which it impacts both the individual and the community and the manner in which the practice reinforces itself. Impoverished parents often believe that child marriage will protect their daughters. In fact, however, it results in lost development opportunities, limited life options, and poor health (Child marriage fact sheet, 2005). Child marriage continues to be immersed in a vicious cycle of poverty, low educational att ainment, high incidences of disease, poor sex ratios, the subordination of women, and most significantly, the inter-generational cycles of all of these (Bhat, Sen, & Pradhan, 2005, p. 21 Gupta, p. 1-2).

Letters from Earth Analysis Essay

In Mark Twains garner from Earth after a brief introduction by Twain, the recital shifts to the letters written by demon to his friends in heaven. In the start letter, Satanwho has been banished to Earth for one thousand Earth days goes on to say that the people, the other animals, the earth itself are only in compos mentis(predicate). Nature itself is insane. This beginning letter is a in truth blunt statement on human race arrogance and hypocrisy. He says goes on to explain his declaration over the descent of the next ten letters.The second letter explains the curiosity that is heaven as it is perceived on the earth. First and fore to the highest degree, Satan points go forth that sexual relation is absent in this version of heaven. This is a peculiarity, due to the amount of speech pattern placed on it during human life. He wonders why they would leave it out if they enjoy it so much on earth.In fact, people guard created a heaven full of things they dont value. On earth , most men do non sing and/or cannot stand singing, very few people play instruments, people dont standardised to pray, people are bored in church, everyone looks down upon everyone else, all sane people detest noise. Keeping that in mind, Satan wonders why because that heaven is full of endless church services where everyone loves everyone else while they all sing and play a musical instrument.In letter three, Christianity is discussed. Satan claims that humans desire to be like (their) God, yet God is naught to emulate. God punished Adam and Eve when he really had no reason to tempt them in the first place. He also continue to punish the next generations for a crime they did not commit (in regards to the forbid fruit). People dont treat their children that way, yet they claim to raging in the image of God. He has set rules, yet he himself does not follow them.