Sodium Intake free essay sample

Sodium Intake BY prashant27500 Sodium is a mineral that is present only in small quantities in most natural foods, but salt is added, often in large amounts, in food processing and by cooks to enhance flavor. Sodium is the predominant ion in extra cellular fluid. Sodium (Na) is the predominant cation in extra cellular fluid and its concentration is under tight homeostatic control. Excess dietary sodium is excreted in the urine. The kidney very efficiently reabsorbs the mineral when intakes are low or losses are excessive. Sodium consort with potassium, the chief cation of intracellular fluid, to maintain roper body water distribution and blood pressure. Sodium also is important in maintaining the proper acid-base balance and in the transmission of nerve impulses. It is a n essential mineral found in the bones and the fluids surrounding cells. It generally works with potassium. Sodium is a constituent of body secretions like saliva and enzymes. We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Intake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since it is lost when the body sweats, supplements are needed during hard labor on hot days. Sodium may be beneficial for the treatment of diarrhea, leg cramps, dehydration, and fever. Sodium is vital component of nerves as it stimulates muscle contraction. Sodium also helps to keep calcium and other minerals soluble in the blood, as well as stimulating the adrenal glands. High sodium levels can cause high blood pressure. Sodium aids in preventing heat prostration or sunstroke Sodium functions with chloride and bicarbonate to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions (electrically charged particles) in our body fluids and tissues. The body receives sodium primarily in the form of table salt (sodium chloride). Sodium, the principal extra cellular ion, has the property of holding water in body tissues. The appropriateness of current ecommendations for the general healthy population to reduce sodium intake has been a matter of debate in the scientific community. Public health scientists generally support the population-wide approach, while many clinically- or laboratory- oriented scientists are unconvinced that the population approach has sufficient benefit to offset the potential burdento either consumers or industry associated with sodium reduction. In addition, although sodium reduction to the levels recommended is presumed to be safe for healthy adults, the debate about this issue as been fueled by assertions that sodium reduction might have adverse effects on health. These assertions about adverse effects appear unwarranted. Sources of sodium Sodium added to processed foods accounts for the majority of sodium (75 %) in the US diet. The remainder comes from discretionary salt (1 5 %) and the sodium that occurs naturally in foods (10%). A substantial portion of sodium in foods is hidden in the sense that it occurs in foods that are moderate in sodium content and that are not thought of as salty foods, e. g. , processed grain and cereal products, but which are onsumed regularly. Other contributors to high sodium intake are foods with high amounts of salt. High amounts of salt are found in table salt and soy sauce, followed by foods in brine such as pickles, olives and sauerkraut. Salty or smoked meats and fish, salted snack foods, bouillon cubes, bottled sauces, processed cheeses, and Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure. Along with potassium and chloride, it regulates fluids and acid-base balance in the body. It is also involved in nerve transmission and muscle contraction, including the eartbeat. Sodium may be beneficial for the treatment of diarrhea, leg cramps, dehydration, and fever. Sodium functions with chloride and bicarbonate to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions (electrically charged particles) in our body fluids and tissues. Sodium also helps to keep calcium and other minerals soluble in the blood, as well as stimulating the adrenal glands. Deficiency symptoms of sodium Sodium deficiency is a condition in which we fail to receive an adequate supply of sodium. The most frequently observed sodium deficiency occurs when excessive heat auses heavy perspiration, thus reducing body water and sodium to the extent that gross dehydration affects normal activity patterns. Symptoms may include feelings of weakness, apathy, and nausea as well as cramps in the muscles of the extremities. Taking additional salt in tablet form is a preventive measure, and persons may use increased amounts of table salt on their food to supplant sodium lost during dehydration and sweating. In rare cases, sodium deficiency can lead to shock due to decreased blood pressure. Too little sodium in the diet disturbs the tissue-water and acid-base balance that is important to good utritional status. Symptoms of high intake High sodium diets, common in modern society, may lead to water retention and hypertension. However, sodium is generally nontoxic for healthy adult individuals because it is excreted readily in the urine. High salt intakes have been correlated with hypertension. Meta analyses suggest that a reduction in sodium intake of 2,300mg/day would lower systolic blood pressure by about 5-6 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 1-2 mm Hg among hypertensives, who comprise a sizeable proportion of the US adult population. Daily requirement The Estimated Minimum Requirement of Healthy Persons for sodium from the National Academy of Sciences ranges from 120 mg/day for infants to 500 mg/day for adults and children years. Recommendations for the maximum amount of sodium that can be incorporated into a healthy diet range from 2,400 to 3,000 mg/day or 6 to 7. 5 grams of table salt/day. Individuals with hypertension should see their physician to determine if a sodium-restricted diet is appropriate for them. As NaCl- minimum 5-10gm. The average intake is much above this, 8-10gm and even more, hence sodium deficiency is rare.

Detonation, Pre-Ignition, and Engine Knocking

Detonation, Pre-Ignition, and Engine Knocking Detonation - generally caused by fuel with a low octane rating - is the tendency for the fuel to pre-ignite or auto-ignite in an engines combustion chamber. This early (before the spark plug fires) ignition of fuel creates a shock wave throughout the cylinder as the burning and expanding fuel-air mixture collides with the piston that is still traveling towards top-dead-center. The resulting knock or ping is the sound of the pistons slamming against the cylinder walls. The effects of detonation may be anywhere from arbitrary to severe. Prolonged and intense knocking can break the piston or the engine, though it is can also endure this slight issue for thousands of miles. Similarly, overheating may cause additional wear-and-tear on the engine, be relatively harmless or cause the engine to catch on fire and break. Common Causes of  Detonation Detonation is most often caused by the use of low-grade engine fuel and its resulting deterioration of your engines parts. However, chamber design plays a key role in determining when and if an engine might detonate unexpectedly. The shape, size, spark location and geometry of the design all help determine where these detonations are likely to occur. An overheated spark plug tip can also cause pre-ignition. This may cause a pinging to occur in your vehicle when driving down a highway, but can actually be sustained in the engine for thousands of miles. If you hear a metallic clicking sound while driving long distances, you should consult your mechanic and see if your  spark plug needs to be replaced. Common Effects Detonation can cause three types of engine failure depending on source and severity: abrasion, mechanical damage and overheating. Mechanical damage happens because the heightened impact of nature can cause parts of the internal combustion engine to fracture. This can especially affect the top or second piston ring land or even the exhaust or intake valves. In  abrasion, the piston head is slowly eroded, creating a microscopic swiss-cheese effect on its surface resulting in less efficiency and eventual breakdown. Overheating, though, is a more serious issue which acts almost like a snowball effect once it starts. Caused by the boundary gas layer getting interrupted against the cylinder head and heat transferring to the coolant via the cylinder head, this overheating of the engine will continue to happen as temperatures increase causing more detonation.   Common Solutions Fortunately, there are a number of solutions to pre-ignition. The best solution is obviously to see your mechanic about the issue, but if you have experience in engine repair, you may also look to the following methods to reduce the chances of engine detonation. Switching to a higher octane fuel in order to reduce the heat of the firing chamber and burn fuel more slowly is the best way to combat false firing. Similarly, reducing engine inlet air temperatures will greatly reduce the chance of pre-ignition and detonation. As a principle, for every 10 degrees cooler the inlet air is, it produces one percent more power. Adjusting engine timing may also help solve this issue. If your engine is firing during throttle at low engine speeds, you may need to adjust the timing two to three degrees.

Chief Security Officer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chief Security Officer - Assignment Example Computer crime cab be described as any unlawful activity involving a combination of a network and a computer. Some examples of computer crimes include hacking, pornography, copyright infringement and many others. In essence, the issue of computer crime has elicited heightened debates among heads of various institutions of higher learning. As a chief security officer in the institution I have to establish effective strategies that prevent the occurrence of computer crimes and mitigate any losses that might be suffered in case a cyber-crime occurs. The neighboring institutions of higher learning have established various measures to curb the problem of computer crime. In essence, from the available studies, it can be affirmed that the challenge of cyber-crimes affects  many  institutions of higher learning  across the  US. In this regard, the ministry of education in conjunction with the various institutions of higher learning have initiated several strategies to handle the problem of cyber-crime. In essence, most institutions have established backup information systems to ensure that important information is not lost to cyber-crime. Maintaining an information backup system has proved to be one of the effective strategies for handling the problem of computer crime. Essential a backup system ensure that the stored information is not lost through computer viruses or other computer related malfunctions. Essentially, it is imperative to identify that the problem of computer crime is quite diverse. For instance, one of the m echanisms employed to execute computer crime is the use of viruses. The viruses are spread through the various websites found on the internet including emails. Apparently, the people who conduct computer crimes share some links on the websites and send some random links containing viruses to people’s email. Following such links transfers the virus

Knowledge management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge management plan - Essay Example Over the past decade or so, there has been a major push for a more structured leadership training experience; a train-the-trainer approach, and so I will be addressing to the High Minister (leader) and CEO (Middle-level leaders) of each department. So, in this paper after analyzing the organizational issues necessitating changes, I will recommend interventions like equipping and making the leaders to imbue KM more optimally in the organization, make middle level leaders contribute to that process and finally make sharing knowledge crucial part in all levels within the organizational structure. For any organization in any sector, it cannot be smooth flow all the time, as they will face certain organizational problems or issues both in its internal as well as in the external environment. Problems or issues in the internal environment could only make a major impact on the organization than the external issues, and also they are the ones, which can be handled by the leaders, management and the employees. Internal problems or issues could be due to lack of performance in various aspects by the employees, managers and even leaders – the human angle. On the other hand, even if the employees perform, issues could arise if there is any loophole or shortfalls in the specific organizational processes. More importantly, some processes or employees will be going on fine, however slight optimization of those processes or employees, could give better results. This is where the need for change management will come into the picture and through that, helpful systems like Knowledge M anagement System (KMS). â€Å"Due to the rapidly changing global economy businesses need to consider a serious change in strategy, and begin to focus more on knowledge management even at the mundane line levels.† (Switzer, 2008). Knowledge is often referred to as the basis of communication and even seen as power, an asset that is

Competitive Analysis and Competitive Strategy of Apple Doing Business Research Paper

Competitive Analysis and Competitive Strategy of Apple Doing Business in China - Research Paper Example The firm should devise ways to leverage the current strategies to make the firm to be more competitive than its rival firms are. However, the Apple’s weaknesses are the major challenges that have given its competitors to perform well in the Chinese market. To deal with such a problem, the firm should implement new strategies that would minimize or eliminate its weaknesses, thus improving competitiveness in the market. Apple Inc. is an American company that designs and fabricates hardware for computers, programming software and other consumer gadgets. The organizations best-known hardware items are the Macintosh line of machines, the iPod, the iPhone, and the iPad, with all the products having met the international standards and are significantly unique from other competitors’ products. Apple began in 1976 and has since created an exceptional notoriety in the consumer gadgets field. Nonala and Kenney (1991) highlighted that the individuals who use Apple hardware have a tendency to be excited about and dependable to the items while the individuals who do not use Apple items frequently scrutinize them as being overpriced. With the arrival of the iMac in 1998, Apple could put to rest some its past disappointments. The uncommon achievement of the iPod sets the stage for future items, including the best selling cell phone ever, the Apple iPhone, the MacBook line of convenient machines, and the A pple iPad proclaimed in 2010. As indicated by rankings of brands carried out universally, the estimation of Apples brand doubled to $76 billion in 2012 as compared to the preceding year. The organization is regularly expanding year by year and has set a high record among organizations grade. Apple Inc targets both low-level clients and high-level clients by releasing by introducing different standard phones with different pricing in China. The commodities target people of all ages to maximize the profit margins of the firm. China is the second largest

Tackling The Gang Problem In The Uk Criminology Essay

Tackling The Gang Problem In The Uk Criminology Essay In the past decade the concept of gangs has been debated thoroughly via research, media and government policy. This has led many to blame the youth of today for being the downfall of society by belonging to a gang. However this is not a new phenomenon, since the 1960s British research has focused on gangs, from a wide variety of groupings such as teddy boys, skinheads, punks, chavs and rudeboys. America is seen as the base for gang research however American researchers have been unable to agree on a uniform definition of gangs. In Britain Klein et al (2001) devised an operational definition of a gang as a durable street-oriented youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of the group identity. This definition has been found to have cross-national validity (Decker and Weerman, 2005), and has been adapted in British research and policy (Sharp et al 2006). A problem in inherent in defining such a complex notion is the involvement of the media. This is shown from as early as 1964 with Cohens Mods and Rockers studye. The medias exaggeration and distortion of the events resulted in the negative perception of those who defined themselves as a Mod or Rocker. They were depicted as folk devils and acted out that role accordingly in following years (Muncie, 1999). In todays society young people who become a member of a gang often seek to maintain that label for reasons such as the material, financial and social status gains (Jeffery, 1960). According to NACRO, youth offending fell between 1993 and 2001 and Britain has one of the lowest youth crime rates in Europe. However the media disregards this and continues to make young people folk devils (Cohen, 1980). By doing so it has lead to a moral panic (Cohen, 1980) with 1.5 million Britons considering moving home because of young people hanging around their neighbourhood (The Independent, 2006). Within this essay U.K gangs will be discussed in terms of the problems they cause such as gun and knife crime. The issue of the over-representation of ethnic minority gangs will also be debated. Attempts to prevent gang crime and the successes of prevention programmes will be discussed. The focus will be upon youth gangs as this is where the majority of research is based upon and they arguably have the most impact on British society. The significance of gangs in the U.K relates to the issues they cause in regards society and community cohesion. Although NACRO stated that youth offending had fallen young people involved in gangs are disproportionately involved in crime, especially involving weapons. In 2008 more than 70 youngsters died due to gang violence in Britain (Hughes, 2009). It is the death of innocent bystanders such as Rhys Jones, Sally Ann Byfield and Damilola Taylor. That has shook society, leaving many to be fearful of going to areas dominated by gangs. Such areas are inner-city, economically deprived and have a high ethnic population (Vigil 2002). The Metropolitan Police identified more than 170 gangs in London, with members as young as ten. Many gangs are loose affiliations of friends from the same area intent on controlling a territory, often defined by a post code. The penalty for straying into the wrong area is to be robbed, beaten or stabbed. Many teenagers carry a knife out of fear or to defend themselves if attacked. Recently knife crime has risen across England and Wales, the number of fatal stabbings in 2007-08 was 270, the highest since records began in 1977 (Hughes, 2009). The Home Office reported that gun crime fell by 29%, this could be down to displacement effect as knives are more readily available than guns (Hughes, 2009). It must be noted that official statistics do not offer a complete picture of gun and knife crime because often violence between criminals and offences by children under 16 goes unreported (Golding et al, 2008). An issue of gangs relates to reluctant gangsters (Pitts, 2009). They dont wish to be in a gang but as they fail to gain other employment they return to the gang lifestyle. Those who attempt to leave a gang are at high risk of victimisation (Taylor et al, 2007). The issue of victimisation is also a consequence for family as they may fall victim of a retaliation attack, have physical and mental health problem and endure numerous police raids and community stigma (Pitts, 2009).But as many will join gangs from a young age the effect of their actions is often not apparent before it is too late. Ethnic minorities are over-represented in media reports (Davison 1997) and in British Police accounts of gangs (Marshall et al. 2005). As gangs are more prevalent in areas populated by ethnic minorities (Vigil 2002), people consciously avoid or move from such areas which allows the area to worsen. Possibly rendering it un-fixable even with government or police intervention, this is in line with the Broken Windows Theory (Wilson and Kelling, 1982) Ethnicity may also not be such a strong predictor of gang membership in England and Wales, as opposed to a more segregated country such as USA (Peach 1996). Research on British gangs provides support for this view: Manchester gangs are ethnically mixed when the neighbourhood is ethnically mixed (Bullock and Tilley 2002), whereas in the more ethnically homogeneous Edinburgh, gangs tend to be mostly white (Bradshaw 2005). The ethnic composition of gangs is not divergent from the ethnic composition of other youth groups in Britain (Sharp et al. 2006). This is in support of Kleins (2001) definition is the what defines a gang is their involvement in crime. In 2007 Tony Blair and Gordon Brown held emergency summits dedicated to gangs, guns and knife crime (Alexander, 2007). The government announced a Three point plan to tackle gun and gang crime, focusing on policing, courts and community prevention (Alexander, 2007). Across the political spectrum policy amendments were called for ranging from David Camerons swiftly recanted Hug a Hoodie establishment of witness protection schemes to the establishment of safe houses for those escaping gangs (Alexander 2007). Police action against gangs is often described as intelligence-led; however, the nature, quality and ethical deployment of gang information continue to be questioned. Ralphs et al (2009) in a British ethnographic study found evidence of youth being targeted solely by association with known gang members, together with evidence of exclusionary experiences for example school exclusion, hampered employment prospects and excessive police attention that were attributed to erroneous labelling. Churchill and Clarke (2009) in a review of parent-focused policy to reduce social exclusion, list 39 separate major initiatives across early years, education, employment, benefit and parenting programme domains during 1997-2008, at a cumulative cost of hundreds of millions of pounds. Yet still numerous new initiatives are being introduced such as The Communities Against Guns, Gangs and Knives Initative at a cost of  £18 million for 2011-2013 (Home Office, 2011) Families have been conceptualised as a source of risk and resilience regarding antisocial and offending behaviour, and as a site for support and intervention. In an international narrative review (Klein and Maxson, 2006), the most consistent discriminator of gang involvement was a low level of parental supervision. It is a known fact the family can be a risk but also protective factor of criminal involvement for young people (Farrington, 2003). Multi-systemic Therapy is a multimodal intervention that is delivered to the families of serious delinquents aged 12-17. The approach sees the adolescents offending as being multiply determined by risk factors in nested socio-ecological risk domains. Multi-systemic Therapy has been evaluated to high standards in the USA, Canada and Norway with little dissent (Littell, 2005). In the British context Multi-systemic Therapy is seen in: Systemic Therapy for At-Risk Teens (START). As it is a new method the it is only recently that the positive effectiveness are beginning to emerge (Baruch and Butler, 2007). Family-oriented policy conceived by UK Labour governments in the 1997-2010 included Parenting Orders. They are civil measures that require parents of children aged 10-17 who truant, show antisocial or offending behaviour to attend parenting support initiatives. However they have been criticised as being out of touch with practice, inconsistently applied, inappropriately placing responsibility on parents and as backdoor criminalisation, whereby non-compliance results in criminal conviction (Burney and Gelsthorpe, 2008). Evaluation of the effects of Parenting Orders on child behaviour is extremely lacking. An inherent problem in parental involvement is that many parents often reject the blame for their childs gang involvement instead locating problems in the broader social context relating to lack of job opportunities and the influence of peers. This sense of misdirected blame, combined with a fear that one or more children could be taken into care, fed through into a mistrust of family support services that were felt to be stigmatising and inadequate (Aldridge et al 2009). Since 1997, Government policy has also focused on the social exclusion of young people who see gang activities conflicting with their community interests. Interventions that have been used are Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Youth curfews. The government announced this year that Anti-Social Behaviour Orders were going to be replaced as many saw them as a badge of honour. The new Crime Prevention Injunction is aimed at stopping anti-social behaviour before it escalates (BBC, 2011). Youth Curfews have been seen as questionable in terms of their implications for human rights and freedoms and as regards their utility (Walsh, 2002) From the research put forward in this essay it is apparent that Gangs are still significant in contemporary society there are still issues related to their use of weapons and the over-emphasis on ethnicity in gangs. More needs to be done to help those seen as reluctant gangsters (Pitts, 2008) as individuals increasingly feel that they are unable to leave a gang in fear or retaliation on themselves, their family or the inability to survive financially. The media still has a strong impact on how society sees gangs which does not help such interventions that are attempting to decrease gang crime and culture. But it is clear nothing can be done to change the medias portrayal as they always need a social group to use as scapegoat for the problems within society and in the last decade gangs have been used as the moral panic (Cohen, 1980). To conclude, the success of interventions is varied, there have been numerous interventions brought in by the government with the most promising one being the most recent. As it is apparent the previous interventions have not been seen to be entirely beneficial otherwise there would not be a need for a new intervention. As can be seen by the cost of intervention programmes, Gang Crime is costing society billions of pounds not to mention the human cost. Like the new Crime Prevention Injunction more initiatives should seek to address to stop anti-social behaviour before it escalates (BBC, 2011). This is being piloted in the form of an early intervention initiative in Nottingham, which seeks to reach those under 12 who are deemed at risk of offending. There is strong support for involving family in the prevention method but this too should be instigated at an early age. As when individuals realise the detrimental effects of being a gang member it is too late and at the later point in life it may also be harder for the parents to convince the parents to comply with intervention (Aldridge et al 2009). Multi-systemic Therapy should be continued to be implemented in programs as it seems to be a promising method (Baruch and Butler, 2007). Like any prevention method it will take a few years to see the success of such and as prevention of gang crime is a relatively new procedure perhaps it is that we are not yet seeing the positive effects of the interventions that have been implemented.

Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 Essay

To what extent was Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 the consequences of his own military ability? Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 could not have been the consequences of a single factor, his own military ability, but rather a combination of linking, interdependent factors, some of which playing a greater role than others, but all helping Napoleon along the road to success. It is undeniable that if fate had given Napoleon an entirely different set of circumstances (if he had not been able to rise through the ranks as easily, if France had not the massive population it did e.t.c) then, no matter how intelligent or able he was, he would not have enjoyed the kind of success he did. Correlli Barnett, in his book Bonaparte, is very critical of Napoleon and his tactics, claiming that it was largely the incompetence and weaknesses of his enemies that enabled him to achieve success. For example, on the Battle of Ulm (October 1805), Barnett talks about what might have happened if Austria had a â€Å"general more active than Mack†, who broke out with a single Austrian corps right across Bonaparte’s communications. The Austrian army had an impressive artillery which could have posed a threat to Napoleon if combined with Russia, but there was no universal language, and with it’s varied ethnic and racial populations this was a huge problem – it slowed communication and often left many in a state of confusion. This also meant that there was no real national identity allowing the kind of patriotism that the French could use to fight with. The Russian army also had huge problems, one of the main ones being the fact that the soldiers did not want to be fighting a war at all. Surrounding the conscript army was a negative, fatalistic view of army life – a darkly amusing fact is that soldiers could often go to their own funeral before they were conscripted away to battle. Apart from the fact that they were treated like criminals, Russian soldiers were also poorly trained, severely lacking in tactical awareness and education. Prussia on the other hand, with its fine tradition, had a very strong army. However, the Prussian skirmishes were poor and the army missed a sense of individuality (instinct or initiative) and instead acted after strategic planning alone. Furthermore, the Prussian artillery could not come close to the French standards, being completely out gunned on some occasions, even when the French had far less numbers. The British army, before 1807, was not much of a force to be reckoned with – it was fairly tiny and was not as strong or quick as the French army. Even though the weaknesses of Napoleon’s enemies were rather considerable before 1807, he would not have been able to profit from these weaknesses if it were not for his military genius and the strength of his army. When he came to power, Napoleon inherited a huge and incredibly strong army to do with whatever he pleased. The French army fought for a cause. They were not as mercenaries, not as men impressed against their will, but as citizens honorably defending their revolution against its threatened destruction by outside forces. People were full of this revolutionary ardour and actively sought battle. This was a wholly new perspective of war and the causes it was fought for. Generally, Napoleon’s enemies fought Wars of maneuvers and not, unlike Napoleon’s army, with the intention of completely annihilating the enemy. They relied on aggressive shock tactics and the momentum of the bayonet charge to bring them success. The French fought with more purpose and feeling than any other nation because they had a war with a strong purpose – a terrorist war. Also, Napoleon’s army was blessed with a variety of talented commanders and officers. The great military theorist, the prussian, Von Clausewitz wrote ‘on war’ in 1832. In this he put forward his view that 1793 marked a turning point in the organization of armies and the conduct of war. He considered that both were changed forever by the creation of the year of the ‘French nation in arms’ (the levee en masse) that transformed limited war into total war. This refers to when the previous man in change of the army, Carnot, introduced a forced conscription to all able civilians. As well as conscription,1793 brought with it the first amalgame – the merging of remnants of the old army with the new. The introduction of veteran soldiers into the new army did much to bring order into its early chaotic organization without destroying its verve, and formed the fighting force which Napoleon used as the basis of his grande armee. The amalgame also brought a great deal of military experience to his army Furthermore, the sheer size of Napoleons inherited army was the largest ever seen in Europe, a million men, and provided him with the ammunition, if you like, to launch devastating attacks on his enemies. He therefore inherited significant developments which had been introduced by the Republic, and which he subsequently built upon. The strength of his army, however, would not have been anywhere near as impressive if he had not the domestic foundations for success or strength of mind to know what to do with it. France had a huge population of around 28 million (the largest population in any single state in Europe) and so simply had a greater number of men to choose from. This also enabled Carnot to introduce the levee en masse which enlisted a massive 80,000 men each year into the army, fueling France’s battles, which could be fought more often, more continuously and on more fronts than any other country. Although the large majority were from poor peasant families, universal conscription brought me from all classes together and created a new sense of unity in France. Also, France had a whole society organized for war. Napoleon had a military dictatorship so could use all the resources of the state and was not held accountable for his failures (e.g leaving armies in Egypt and Russia and losing 50,000 men a year as opposed to Wellington’s 6,000). This greater amount of authority meant that Napoleon could make all of his appointments personally, and not by advisors. e also created a meritocracy within the army, a kind of ‘privileged military caste’. This said that if you do well in the French army, you get rewards or offices of state (giving officers incentives to succeed). Furthermore, Napoleon controlled all press and channels of communication so could have a careful watch over his country and could make sure that all efforts were in favour of driving on the savage French war machine. Although the sheer size of the army enabled Napoleon to create his grande armee and the resources of France could be used to help the war effort, Napoleon’s ability and qualities as a general were absolutely vital in securing his success to 1807. Napoleon was widely known as being able to inspire loyalty. He gave the appearance of knowing everybody in his army and always knowing what was going on. He played on the ideas of military glory, of patriotism and comradeship, while giving at the same time the impression that he had a deep paternal concern for his men. For example, he would single people out and congratulate them by name, very personally. He used theatrical and emotive language in his bulletins and orders of the day to forge bonds between him and his soldiers. For example, in a Bulletin in 1805 he wrote that â€Å"The Emperor is among you†. Despite his generally unprepossessing appearance, when he wished to charm he could quickly win over anyone he met, however initially hostile he might be. This sort of confidence was also shown on the battlefield where Wellington observed that the effect of his presence was worth an additional force of 40,000 men to the French army. He was very charismatic and could play on the soldiers greed by promising loot, a material reward for their toils. He could also rally himself with them, â€Å"Whatever the obstacles we meet, we shall overcome them†. All these factors earned Napoleon the adoration of his soldiers. Whatever point of view one takes, it is a fact that Napoleon possessed a very gifted military mind. Napoleon’s prime tactic was to avoid a slugging match and focusing his strengths on the enemies weaknesses. He picked weakest spots and then blasted huge chunks out of them with his artillery. He had flexibility with his corps (taken from the ideas of Guibert), and would use them to come from unexpected directions and attack weak points. He was known for his pragmatism and opportunism, but there is a great debate over whether Napoleon was a great strategic planner or whether he was a scrambler, good at scrambling and improvising his way to victory. Gunther Rothenburg praises his qualities, but believed he was a ‘Planner’ instead of a scrambler, giving the example of his maneuver on Ulm which he describes as ‘well co-ordinated and swift’. However, historians such as Owen Connolly are critical of the traditional interpretation of Napoleon and says that he was a great improviser with no tactical doctrine who would simply profit from his enemy’s mistakes. Even though both of these historians, and many like them, disagree on this aspect of him, they both say that Napoleon was probably the greatest commander of all time. This shows that, even though he may have been gifted with extraordinary circumstances, Napoleon’s towering genius was the major driving force in his success and it is obvious that no ordinary commander could have gone as far as he did. After looking at various factors in Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807, it is evident that the scale of Napoleons success was dependent on a number of things; population size, Carnot’s policy of conscription, French resources and the relative weakness of his enemies. Napoleon’s journey to success was paved by a number of these absolutely crucial factors, without which no success would have been possible. Even though his military ability was one of these vital paving stones, one cannot really argue that it was more or less important than other crucial factors because they were all instrumental in allowing the extent of extent of Napoleon’s success to be realized. However, I am positive that if Napoleon did have a less fortunate army given to him when he came to power, his enemies stronger, and the potential opportunity for success had not been so great, he would still have made the best out of what he had and would have made relative success, showing his huge military capabilities.

Should All School Pupils Be Made to Learn at Least One Foreign Language

Should all school pupils be made to learn at least one foreign language? Opinions. 1-it's difficult to support the theory all children should learn a foreign language when most appear to be so woefully inadequate in their native tongue. http://www. helium. com/debates/124525-should-all-school-pupils-be-made-to-learn-at-least-one-foreign-language 2-Foreign languages are important for the individual pupil. Employers value people who are able to speak more than one language. Learning a language will therefore help students get good jobs when they are older.It will also increase their understanding of other cultures. ttp://www. idebate. org/debatabase/topic_details. php? topicID=524 3-it is also important for English-speakers to learn foreign languages, since not everyone speaks English. And it is polite to be able to speak some of another person’s language. Governments should try to promote economic growth. Since languages are important for the economy, governments should make al l young people learn them. http://debatepedia. idebate. org/en/index. php/Debate:_Compulsory_foreign_languages_in_school4-Requiring school pupils to learn at least one foreign language makes them more responsible and capable global citizens. (by Merr Chandler) -Foreign languages are important for the individual pupil. Employers value people who are able to speak more than one language. (http://debatepedia. idebate. org/en/index. php/Debate:_Compulsory_foreign_languages_in_school)FACTS, 1-In today’s world, with instant communication, and widespread travel, we humans come into contact with people of other lands, other cultures, and speaking foreign languages, much more frequently than in former times. ( Carolyn Tytler) 2-A foreign language is important to learn for a few reasons. The first reason as to why it is important to learn is because it gives you a highly

Single-Choice and Restrictive Early Action Programs

Single-Choice and Restrictive Early Action Programs Students who plan to apply through an early admission program will find that the options include more than early action (EA) and early  decision (ED). A few select institutions such as Harvard, Yale and Stanford offer single-choice early action or restrictive  early action. These admission programs incorporate some features of both EA and ED. The result is a policy that is less restrictive than early decision, but more restrictive than early action. Defining Features of Single-Choice Early Action Applicants must have their applications completed early, usually by November 1st.Applicants will receive an admissions decision early, usually in mid-December. The decision date is before application deadlines for regular admission to the great majority of colleges and universities.As with early  decision, applicants can apply to just one school through an early admission program.Applicants can apply to other colleges through their non-binding regular admission programs or rolling admission programs. Also, applicants are typically allowed to apply to any public universities and non-U.S. institutions as long as admission decisions are non-binding.Like early action, single-choice early action applicants have until May 1st to make a decision. This allows applicants to compare offers of admission and financial aid packages from other colleges.Like early action, single-choice early  action admission decisions are non-binding. You do not need to attend the school if admitted. Benefits of Applying Single-Choice Early Action You can be done with your college search by mid-December. This can alleviate months of stress and uncertainty from your senior year.Admit rates are higher (sometimes over twice as high) for the early applicant pool. Keep in mind that colleges will always say that the admission standards are the same for early and regular applicants, and the higher admit rates come about because the early applicant pool tends to include the strongest applicants. Still, the common wisdom is that if you are a competitive applicant, your chances are better in the early applicant pool.You arent required to attend the college youve applied to early. This is a significant advantage over early decision, and it allows you to do overnight visits in the winter or spring before making a final college decision. Drawbacks of Applying Single-Choice Early Action You need to have a polished application ready to go by November 1st. Some applicants rush to meet the early deadline, and as a result put forth an application that doesnt represent their best work.You cant apply to other colleges through an early admission program. With regular early action, you can apply to multiple schools early.You might receive a rejection letter in December, and this can be demoralizing as you continue to work on other college applications and wait for regular admission decisions. As you think about whether or not to apply to a college through single-choice early action, keep in mind why the school is providing this option. When a college gives an offer of admission, it wants the student to accept that offer. An applicant who applies single-choice early action is sending a clear message that the college in question is his or her first-choice school. There is really no clearer way to demonstrate interest than applying early, and colleges can improve their yield significantly if they admit students with clearly demonstrated interest. Even though you are not bound to attend the college, you have sent a strong message that you are highly likely to attend. From the perspective of the admissions office, a high yield is extremely valuable- the college gets the students it wants, the college can better predict the size of the incoming class, and the college can rely less on waitlists. Many of the countrys very top colleges (included most with single-choice early action programs) state that they do not consider demonstrated interest when making admissions decisions. This may be true when it comes to factors such as campus visits and optional interviews. However, such schools are being insincere when the early applicant pool is accepted at a much higher rate than the regular applicant pool. The interest in the school that you demonstrate by applying early does matter. A Final Word About Single-Choice Early Action If you have your heart set on attending Harvard, Yale, Stanford, Boston College, Princeton or some other college with a single-choice or restrictive early action program, applying early is most likely a good choice. Make sure, however, that you have a strong application ready to go by November 1st, and make sure there are no other colleges offering early action or early decision that you would rather attend.

English Coursework First Assignment Essays

English Coursework First Assignment Essays English Coursework First Assignment Essay English Coursework First Assignment Essay Essay Topic: Like Water for Chocolate Watchmen The sweltering jungle felt like a death trap; it was infested with venomous species of plants and animals. The humidity was intolerable. All I had was a small bottle of water, and a tiny, partly eaten, bar of chocolate. I had lost my main supply in the trees earlier, when I missed my landing target. I didnt feel secure; yet I had no choice to continue. It was life or death for now, it was survival. I was mentally ill equipped for this alien world. I became more aware of strains and sores. I felt as if my rucksack was gradually beginning to eat away at my arms as if it was a highly potent acid and as if my feet were tightly compacted into my boots. Every step I took, I feared the Vietcong would find me, soon, and then the gruesome, merciless torture and public humiliation would begin. I began to think my eventual capture was inevitable. After I fiddled with my GPS to get it operational, it somehow managed to force its way out of my hands, as if by its own will, into a small pool of stagnant water. When I reached into the pool I found my GPS, it had malfunctioned so I was forced to bury it, to leave no trace for enemy detection. The canopy was alive with activity and shrills of excitement resounded throughout the jungle. On the forest floor insects swarmed like a carpet on the move. They ceaselessly foraged for food. I was a banquet to them. They were hunting me for their survival, but I would certainly not give up to their will. The pests grew persistently inquisitive and began to crawl up my legs taking chunks of my skin with them. I had to continually shake them off and crush them underneath my boot, some escaping through the gaps on my boots for grip. As I did so small groups would tail-off and feast upon the writhing, dying swarm. I thought if I continued on the bearing 247? for 27 kilometres I would arrive at the Mekong River, where I could continue to a clearing where I would be taken by helicopter back to our side of Vietnam, there I could rest and enjoy life. However I only had two days until the helicopter would rendez-vous, so I had to keep a steady pace. By now hunger had hit me. Ahead of me lay a dark swamp area; there was a disconcerting stench of rotting vegetation. To get past this I needed to take off my boots since they would slow me down. As I was unlacing my bulky black boots I heard a shout, I dived flat to the ground. I peered through a small gap in the thick bamboo and saw two Vietnamese children playing blissfully with a ball; they had weathered dark skin and long greasy hair. To think that such contentment could be created from such a small notion, at a time like this. I could not speak to them because they might alert some local militia. Not long ago I was bombing their homes and villages. Instead I continued through the swamp. The stagnant water looked malevolent. I slowly stepped into the swamp. The water was tepid. My toes touched some slush at the bottom but I simply took another step into the cloudy mixture. The fluid slowly began to rise up and saturate my trousers, but at least I would leave no scent for tracker dogs to pick me up. I heard what seemed to be a shout in the distance, then another in reply and I became stricken with terror. I wanted to sprint, but I didnt; I didnt look behind me. I was too frightened, I still felt as if I was making huge splashing reverberations as I plunged my legs in and out of the water. While hurrying on I caught my foot on something underwater and I jolted forward, thrust into the water, and got a mouthful of dirt. I rose out of the water and put my hand to my forehead. I reached into my rucksack and pulled out a small roll of bandages. I unwrapped the bandages around my head and tightly tied it in a knot. As I stood up, I felt slightly light headed but I continued as before, like a machine, wading, wading. I reached the other side of the swamp and gradually tried to clamber out of the mucky edges. I slipped and fell back, I tried again with no luck, and so I made my way round to a shorter edge, which I could climb up with ease. From here, only a few kilometres away, there were a less dense grouping of trees, so I could be seen more easily. I pushed on through the intense shrubbery and bushes until I came to an opening, in the distance. I could see a small round building, and even further on, a River. The building seemed like it was a guard post. There were two Vietcong lounging about inside reading the newspaper and drinking coffee. Their rifles were menacingly leaning against the wall, ready for immediate use; I couldnt challenge these men since I had no weapon. I had lost it; I would have to avoid them somehow while crossing the River. I strewed some pieces of grass and leaves and attached them to my helmet and uniform. I then crawled agonisingly slowly towards a small patch of trees close to the River. While there I established a useful position and shacked up, since I had no idea what time it was. I could be there for a while, or I might have missed the helicopter already. Only time would tell. The sound of helicopter blades slicing through the air awoke me from my resting. I was instantly alert and prepared for the last objective; to cross the River Mekong and escape by helicopter. The watchmen were aroused by this commotion but they assumed it was their own aircraft so they decided to ignore the noise but I could see they were tensed and alert. I stripped down to my underwear, for the other belongings would be of no more use. I checked around first and then made a run for it, I threw myself out of the trees and raced slitheringly along the grassy plains. One of the guards noticed a disturbance and immediately grasped his rifle and stepped outside. After a pause of indecision he began to shoot. Bullets kicked up chunks of mud and whirred off trees and crashed into stands of bamboo, as I dived towards the River, I plunged in the ice-cold water. The current looked heavy but I had no choice. I swam as hard as I could and steadily made progress. However, by now, both guards were shooting at me. As I was swimming along one bullet pierced through the water and tore the back of one of my legs apart and another ripped through my shoulder blade. An ominous gloomy red flash emerged at the surface. I felt weak as the current dragged me downstream, I persevered but I felt it was all in vein. I continued to battle against the current and at long last managed to grasp a clump of mud from the bank with my fingernails. I drew myself inward however I couldnt gather the strength to climb. The combined resonating noise of several semi-automatic weapons blasted from nearby, my saving grace had arrived. I yelped like a lost puppy out to them, but the roaring gunfire was too thunderous. I mustered up all my residual energy for one last call. I took a deep breath and bellowed out for help. The shriek reverberated all around and eventually I felt someone clasp onto my arm and heave me out off the water. I was carefully lowered onto a stretcher and transported towards to the helicopter, where I lost consciousness from the pain.

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Answer question - Essay Example For the study to have reliable findings, the authors provided allowances for other sources of variation in employment including differences across the chains. To get such variation, the main equations used were as indicated below. The study found that 18 percent increase in the New Jersey minimum wage was predicted to reduce employment at fast foods outlets by 0.4-1.0 employees per store (David and Alan, 1994). Secondly, the study revealed that even in local areas, employment rose faster at the stores that increased wages due to the minimum wage. Thirdly, the paper found that relative price changes played a role within the fast food industry as the result of raising the minimum wage. One of the aspects that make this study to have counter intuitive result is that when minimum wage is raised, low skill workers retain their jobs. Additionally, it is one of the ways of attaining minimal standard of living. David, C and Alan, K. (1994). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fat-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The American Economic Review, Volume 84, Issue 4 (Sept., 1994),

Negative Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negative Decisions - Essay Example (Hoch, p. 26) The case with Barings Bank is one of the most vivid examples of how wrong decisions may affect a stable and seemingly reliable company. The theory and experience of decision-making state that the person should foresee all possible consequences of his actions in order to avoid possible catastrophe. It is evident that Nick Leeson omitted this regulation. He made a strategic error in his decision and this led to a collapse, which caused the bank experience trading losses that exceeded $1 billion. This accident happened in 1992, in the middle of July. It started with an error made by one young trader, working in Singapore office of the Barings Bank. This young specialist had to buy the contracts, but he sold these contracts instead, by mistake. Due to this error the bank had losses for about $30000, and the company had to cover these losses. Lesson decided to cover up this error. The question here is whether Leeson should have revealed this mistake to supervising managers or hided it. As it has been said above, he decided to hide it, wishing to help and support one of his employees. This was the first stage in a series of mistakes on many levels that resulted in collapse of the bank. What has started with an attempt to conceal employee's mistake, resulted in multiple attempts to hide his own mistakes in derivative market, and this deception together with many negative decisions led the bank to crash. As the experts comment similar situations, "How did a back office clerk in his 20s become responsible for bankrupting one of the world's oldest merchant banks The answer: many bad decisions" (Hoch, p. 40). It is evident that this manager cannot be fully responsible of what happened to company. His own mistakes that he tried to hide were evidently known to supervising managers, but these errors produced the same wrong decisions as he had once made, and supervising managers allowed him to act independently and provided him with the holes to slip through. It is known that Nick Leeson started his working career as the manager who was responsible for fixing the mistakes of other traders. These were the mistakes connected to calling out the orders to sell or buy. As a rule, these mistakes are usually noticed and fixed within a day and a night in special departments. Leeson had a capability to detail and scrupulous working, so this feature had helped him in getting this job three years before he made his fatal decision. Soon after he started working, he was sent to Jakarta branch to examine heaps of papers accumulated in one of the offices. Then in 1992 Nick Leeson was suggested a positionoif a manager responsible for running futures subsidiary in Singapore office of the Barings Bank. During a term of 3 years that passed after his appointment, the losses caused by his own trading mistakes exceeded $1 billion. He confessed he had deceived the Barings Bank and SIMEX (Singapore International Monetary Exchange). Leeson was arrested, and sentenced to 6.5 years of imprisonment. The fist question that comes to mind while observing this case is how this manager concealed his errors and deception for so long. In case his mistakes had revealed in time, this wouldn't have resulted in catastrophe. It is possible to define several strategic mistakes in the process of decision-making that led to collapse. Overwhelming emotions. It is known that supervising manag